| | | Guggenheimer et al., 2000 [20] | Saini et al., 2010 [21] | Bastos et al., 2011 [22] | Mohsin et al., 2014 [23] |
| | Tobacco | Cases
Now, 19.4%
Ever, 37.5% | Controls
U | Excluded | Cases
25 (17.2%) | Controls
30 (27%) | U |
| | Other drugs taken | Cases
Cardiovascular agents, 19.8%,
Immunosuppressants, 2.7%,
Anticonvulsants, 2.7%,
Thyroid supplements, 8.4%,
Antimicrobials, 10.4%
Unknown, 5.2% | Controls
Cardiovascular agents, 6%
Immunosuppressants, 0.4%
Anticonvulsants, 0.4%
Thyroid supplements, 1.1%
Antimicrobials, 8.6%
Unknown, 7.1% | Cases
Cardiovascular agents, 22.4%
Antibiotics, 2.4%
NSAID, 3.3%
Antiasthmatic drugs, 1.4%
Others, 2.4% | Controls
Cardiovascular agents, 10%
Antibiotics, 1%
NSAID, 1.4%
Antiasthmatic drugs, 1.7%
Others, 1.7% | 39.2% taking a daily medication, of which 73.3% were antihypertensives and 56% were antidepressants | U |
| | Dentures users | Cases
Complete or partial dentures, 12.3%, | Controls
Complete or partial dentures, 3% | U | U | U |
| | DM diagnosis | U | U | Controls: excluded by fasting blood glucose level | U | U | Controls: excluded by fasting blood glucose level |
| | Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) | 11 ± 0.1 | 8,49 ± 2,25
Good (<7.5), 172 (41%)
Moderate (7.6–8.9), 92 (21.9%)
Poor (>9), 156 (37.1%) | Adequate (<7): 38 (26%)
Inadequate (≥7): 108 (74%) | U |
| | Diabetic complications | Nephropathy, 23.2%
Neuropathy, 26.9%
Retinopathy, 44.4%
Peripheral vascular disease, 10.6% | 14.5%
U | 65 (44.5%)
Nephropathy, 20.3%
Neuropathy, 16.5%
Retinopathy, 63.2% | Excluded |
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