Vitamin D Deficiency Is Not Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy or Maculopathy
Table 1
Demographic and metabolic parameters in subgroups based on severity of retinopathy.
No Diabetic Retinopathy (NDR) ()
Background Diabetic Retinopathy (BDR) ()
Preproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PPDR) ()
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) ()
value
Age (years)
59.8 ± 13.8
58.8 ± 13.3
60.8 ± 10.9
55.1 ± 13.6
NS
Duration of diabetes (years)
11.3 ± 8.7
18.7 ± 11.7
21.0 ± 9.8
19.7 ± 10.0
<0.0001
Type 2 DM (%)
88
75
80
77
NS
Ethnicity (White European/South Asian (%))
48/45
55/38
50/45
52/48
NS
Sex (male (%))
51
50
48
53
NS
Current smokers/past smokers/never smoked (%)
14/25/61
14/33/53
14/26/60
4/23/71
NS
BMI (kg/m2)
31.6 ± 10.6
31.1 ± 7.1
31.9 ± 6.4
31.1 ± 6.9
NS
25(OH)D (ng/mL)
15.3 ± 9.0
16.4 ± 10.5
15.9 ± 10.4
15.7 ± 8.5
NS
HbA1c (%)
8.2 ± 1.6
8.6 ± 1.7
8.9 ± 1.6
8.9 ± 1.5
<0.0001
TC (mmol/L)
4.1 ± 1.0
4.2 ± 1.1
4.2 ± 1.3
4.3 ± 1.1
NS
HDL (mmol/L)
1.3 ± 0.5
1.4 ± 0.5
1.4 ± 0.7
1.3 ± 0.4
NS
Trig (mmol/L)
1.8 ± 0.9
1.8 ± 1.5
1.8 ± 0.9
2.5 ± 2.9
NS
eGFR (mL/min/L)
76.3 ± 16.9
75.9 ± 17.5
70.9 ± 16.9
69 ± 21.6
0.02
Systolic BP (mmHg)
129 ± 13
131 ± 14.6
134 ± 15
134 ± 11
0.007
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
70 ± 7
69 ± 7
70 ± 8
71 ± 8
NS
ALP (u/L)
87 ± 39
83 ± 34
84 ± 32
93 ± 43
NS
CCa (mmol/L)
2.4 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.2
NS
Duration of diabetes: NDR versus BDR () versus PPDR () versus PDR (). HbA1c: NDR versus BDR () versus PPDR (). eGFR: NDR versus PPDR (). Systolic BP: NDR versus PPDR (). BMI: Body Mass Index, BP: blood pressure, TC: total cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Trig: triglycerides, ALP; alkaline phosphatase, CCa; corrected calcium, and eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
