Yoga for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials

Table 4

Recent published meta-analyses regarding effects of yoga on risk indices relevant to T2DM, summarized findings.

Measure	First author, year	Population	Included studies			Comparator	Mean difference (95% CI)
			Design	Number	Total Pts
Glucose tolerance
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	7	525	Usual care	−25.56 (−39.60, −11.53)	<0.01
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	6	315	All	−8.77 (−26.77, 9.23)	0.34
HbA1c	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	7	550	Usual care	−0.49 (−1.03, 0.05)	0.07
Lipid profiles
Total cholesterol	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	5	516	Usual care	−13.09 (−19.60, −6.59)	<0.01
	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	2	317	Exercise	−8.08 (−19.20, 3.03)	0.21
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	5	365	All	−20.98 (−33.23, −8.72)	0.0008
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	2	109	All	−18.85 (−37.24, −0.46)	0.04
HDL	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	5	516	Usual care	5.51 (3.56, 7.47)	<0.01
	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	2	317	Exercise	4.24 (1.75, 6.72)	0.01
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	5	365	All	2.45 (−0.33, 5.24)	0.08
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	2	109	All	3.95 (1.69, 6.21)	0.0006
LDL	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	5	515	Usual care	−10.26 (−20.85, 0.32)	0.06
	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	2	317	Exercise	−9.24 (−16.55, −1.93)	0.01
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	5	365	All	−21.27 (−32.93, −9.62)	<0.00001
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	2	109	All	−14.42 (−20.47, −8.36)	0.0003
VLDL	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	2	308	Usual care	−4.81 (−6.67, −2.96)	<0.01
Triglycerides	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	5	509	Usual care	−23.60 (−36.78, −10.43)	<0.01
	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	2	317	Exercise	−22.98 (−60.97, 15.00)	0.24
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	5	365	All	−18.61 (−32.61, −4.60)	0.009
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	2	109	All	−27.47 (−60.09, 5.15)	0.10
Body composition
Waist-hip ratio	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	3	311	Usual care	−0.02 (−0.03, −0.00)	<0.01
BMI	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	3	155	All	−1.63 (−2.25, −1.01)	<0.00001
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	2	77	All	−0.99 (−2.38, 0.40)	0.16
Weight (kg)	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	3	151	All	−3.27 (−4.99, −1.54)	0.0002
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	6	273	All	−1.95 (−5.25, 1.35)	0.25
Blood pressure (BP) (mmHg)
Systolic BP	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	3	237	Usual care	−6.87 (−14.68, 0.94)	0.08
	Cramer, 2014 [34]	Non-DM high risk	RCTs	8	347	Usual care	−10.00 (−16.42, −3.59)	<0.01
	Cramer, 2014 [72]	HT	RCTs	6	278	Usual care	−9.65 (−17.66, −2.06)	0.01
	Hagins, 2013 [73]	HT (all)	RCTs, NRCTs	11	431	Usual care	−7.96 (−10.65, −5.27)	0.0002
	Hagins, 2013 [73]	HT (Y incl M, PR, AS)	RCTs, NRCTs	13	656	All	−8.17 (−12.45, −3.89)	NR
	Hagins, 2013 [73]	HT (Y > 58.9 h)	RCTs, NRCTs	6	215	All	−9.73 (−17.66, −1.79)	NR
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	3	80	All	−9.39 (−15.14, −3.63)	0.001
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	10	461	All	−7.36 (−13.39, −1.33)	0.001
Diastolic BP	Cramer, 2014 [34]	DM2	RCTs	2	210	Usual care	−0.79 (−5.22, 3.65)	0.73
	Cramer, 2014 [34]	Non-DM high risk	RCTs	8	347	Usual care	−7.45 (−12.70, −2.21)	<0.01
	Cramer, 2014 [72]	HT	RCTs	6	278	Usual care	−7.22 (−12.83, −1.62)	0.01
	Hagins, 2013 [73]	HT (all)	RCTs, NRCTs	11	431	Usual care	−6.14 (−9.39, −2.89)	NR
	Hagins, 2013 [73]	HT (Y incl M, PR, AS)	RCTs, NRCTs	13	656	All	−5.52 (−7.92, −3.11)	NR
	Chu, 2014 [71]	DM or MS	RCTs	3	80	All	−5.41 (−8.82, −2.01)	0.002
	Chu, 2014 [71]	CVD risk factors	RCTs	10	461	All	−6.97 (−11.80, −2.13)	0.005
Autonomic fxn
Heart rate	Cramer, 2014 [34]	Non-DM high risk	RCTs	3	133	Usual care	−10.89 (−22.83, 1.04)	0.07

AS: asana, CAD: coronary artery disease, CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular disease, fxn: function, HT: hypertension, M: meditation, MS: metabolic syndrome, NR: not reported, NRCT: nonrandomized controlled trial, PR: pranayama, Pts: participants, and Y: yoga.