Noninsulin Antidiabetic Drugs for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Are We Respecting Their Contraindications?
Table 2
Demographic and clinical characteristics of T2DM patients stratified by the pharmacological class of the glucose-lowering agents prescribed (alone or in combination).
Characteristic
Metformin
Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides
AGIs
Pioglitazone
DPP4i
GLP-1ra
Insulin with NIAD
( = 225,753)
( = 79,742)
( = 16,941)
( = 1,877)
( = 3,290)
( = 39,682)
( = 2,374)
( = 46,150)
Age, mean (SD), years
67.7 (11.4)
69.2 (11.2)
71.6 (10.9)
74.4 (9.9)
67.1 (10.6)
67.6 (10.9)
59.5 (9.5)
68.6 (11.0)
Gender, (%)
Female
99,082 (43.9)
34,648 (43.6)
7,867 (46.4)
850 (45.3)
1,561 (47.4)
17,199 (43.3)
1,281 (54.0)
22,679 (49.1)
Male
126,671 (56.1)
44,824 (56.4)
9,074 (53.6)
1,027 (54.7)
1,729 (52.6)
22,483 (56.7)
1,093 (46.0)
23,471 (50.9)
T2DM duration, mean (SD), years
7.9 (5.6)
9.3 (5.3)
9.9 (5.8)
10.7 (5.6)
10.6 (5.6)
9 (5.4)
8.7 (5.0)
11.4 (6.5)
HbA1c, mean (SD), %
7.3 (1.3)
7.6 (1.4)
7.7 (1.4)
7.2 (1.3)
7.7 (1.4)
7.7 (1.4)
7.9 (1.6)
8.3 (1.6)
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2
30.3 (5.1)
30.0 (5.1)
29.9 (5.1)
28.7 (5.0)
32.2 (5.7)
30.4 (5.2)
37.0 (6.0)
31.0 (5.5)
ACR, mean (SD), mg/g
39.8 (143.7)
42.3 (149.7)
71.6 (223.7)
34.2 (88.3)
50.1 (191.8)
50.1 (176.7)
45.5 (137.2)
71.2 (213.3)
Complications, (%)
Diabetic retinopathy
17,533 (7.8)
6,594 (8.3)
2,059 (12.2)
190 (10.1)
407 (12.4)
3,766 (9.5)
308 (13.0)
9,980 (21.6)
Diabetic nephropathy/ACR > 300 mg/g
5,455 (2.4)
2,171 (2.7)
856 (5.1)
58 (3.1)
131 (4.0)
1,312 (3.3)
105 (4.4)
2,465 (5.3)
Diabetic neuropathy
6,545 (2.9)
2,313 (2.9)
755 (4.5)
62 (3.3)
150 (4.6)
1,399 (3.5)
137 (5.8)
3,683 (8.0)
Ischemic heart disease
26,433 (11.7)
9,818 (12.4)
2,842 (16.8)
263 (14.0)
274 (8.3)
5,177 (13.0)
291 (12.3)
8,094 (17.5)
Stroke
12,777 (5.7)
4,541 (5.7)
1,363 (8.0)
123 (6.6)
148 (4.5)
2,062 (5.2)
80 (3.4)
3,904 (8.5)
Peripheral artery disease
10,470 (4.6)
3,956 (5.0)
1,272 (7.5)
86 (4.6)
155 (4.7)
2,045 (5.2)
80 (3.4)
3,954 (8.6)
Heart failure
9,711 (4.3)
4,266 (5.4)
1,698 (10.0)
120 (6.4)
82 (2.5)
2,063 (5.2)
113 (4.8)
3,780 (8.2)
Any macrovascular complication
43,440 (19.2)
16,018 (20.2)
331 (2.0)
413 (22.0)
509 (15.5)
8,105 (20.4)
388 (16.3)
13,284 (28.8)
Out of 199,523 patients with available HbA1c records. Out of 195,674 patients with available GFR records. ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio; AGI: alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; BMI: body mass index; DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors; GLP-1ra: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; NIAD: noninsulin antidiabetic drug; SD: standard deviation; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
