Research Article

Oral Probiotic VSL#3 Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes by Modulating Microbiota and Promoting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Enriched Tolerogenic Intestinal Environment

Figure 3

VSL#3 treatment halts intestinal inflammation and induces a protolerogenic intestinal environment. Intestinal mucosa tissues isolated from 12-week-old female NOD mice untreated () or treated with VSL#3 alone (VSL#3; ) or in combination with RA (VSL#3 + RA). mRNA expression levels of the indicated cytokines and inflammasome components were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Values represent the relative fold differences of the individual mice normalized against expression of a housekeeping gene (Gapdh). , by Student’s -test.