Oral Probiotic VSL#3 Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes by Modulating Microbiota and Promoting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Enriched Tolerogenic Intestinal Environment

Figure 5

Restoration of immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa of VSL#3-treated NOD mice led to reduced Teff/Treg cell ratios at the systemic level as well as within the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) of NOD mice. (a) The percentages of different T helper cell subsets were measured in the total splenocytes (spleen) and PLN cells. Spleens and PLN were isolated from untreated (Ctr), VSL#3-treated (VSL#3), and VSL#3 + RA-treated NOD mice at 12 weeks of age (). The percentages of Th1, Th17, and FoxP3⁺ Treg cells were measured and expressed as the mean ± SEM. (b) The percentages of different T helper cell subsets were measured in the splenocytes (spleen), PLN cells, and islet infiltrating lymphocytes (IIL). The data are expressed as the Teff (Th1 + Th17)/Treg cell ratios. , by Student’s -test.

(a)

(b)