Assessment of the Relationship between Diabetic Retinopathy and Nailfold Capillaries in Type 2 Diabetics with a Noninvasive Method: Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy

Table 1

Demographical characteristics and frequencies of capillaroscopic findings of patients with DR, patients without DR, and healthy controls.

	Diabetic patients ()		Controls ()
	DR (+) ()	DR (−) ()
Mean age (SD)	60.89 (8.21)	58.92 (8.506)	59.41 (11.867)	0.316
Male gender,	45 (36.6%)	45 (48.4%)	54 (53.5)	0.033
Hypertension,	64 (68.8%)	70 (56.9%)	0	0.074
Hyperlipidemia,	21 (22.6%)	44 (35.8%)	0	0.036
HbA1c, % (min–max)	8.7 (5.4–14.6)	7.2 (5.0–12.3)	0	<0.001
Diabetes years, median (min–max)	14 (0–40)	4 (0–25)	0	<0.001
Tortuosity,	75 (80.6%)	71 (57.7%)	6 (5.9%)	<0.001
Bushy capillary,	31 (33.3%)	15 (12.2%)	0 (0%)	<0.001
Neoformation,	29 (31.2%)	15 (12.2%)	0 (0%)	<0.001
Bizarre capillary,	36 (38.7%)	37 (30.1%)	7 (6.9%)	<0.001
Microhemorrhage,	11 (11.8%)	5 (4.1%)	0 (0%)	0.001
Capillary ectasia,	11 (11.8%)	7 (5.7%)	0 (0%)	0.002
Aneurysm,	10 (10.8%)	7 (5.7%)	0 (0%)	0.004
Extravasation,	6 (6.5%)	1 (0.8%)	0 (0%)	NA
Megacapillary,	1 (1.1%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	NA
Meander capillary,	4 (4.3%)	3 (2.4%)	0 (0%)	NA
Avascular area,	3 (3.2%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	NA
Interstitial edema,	1 (1.1%)	1 (0.8%)	0 (0%)	NA

NA: not applied; DR: diabetic retinopathy.