Journal of Diabetes Research

Review Article

A Systems Biology Overview on Human Diabetic Nephropathy: From Genetic Susceptibility to Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications

Table 2

Gene expression markers. Collection of coding RNA transcripts showing deregulation in DN. List is ordered alphabetically. IHC: immunohistochemistry. SAGE: serial analysis of gene expression; NGS: next-generation sequencing.
mRNA transcriptSample typeTissue compartmentExpressionDiabetes typeAssay typePotential value of biomarker References
ABCA1KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
ABCG1KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
ACEKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[25]
ACEKidneyGlomerularUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[26]
ACEUrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
ACE2KidneyGlomerularDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[26]
ACTN4UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[28]
ACTN4UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[29]
ACTN4UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
ANGPTL2KidneyGlomerularUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[30]
ANKRD56 KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[31]
apoE KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
AQP1KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
ATG5KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[33]
ATG7KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[34]
ATG8KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[33]
B2M KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
B7-1 KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[36]
BECN1KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[33]
BECN1KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[34]
BMP2KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
C3KidneyGlomerularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
CAPN3KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
CCL2KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[38]
CCL5/RANTESKidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
CCR5KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[38]
CD2APUrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic 
CD36KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
CD68KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[38]
CDH2UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[27]
CLIC5KidneyGlomerularDownNDArray/IHCDiagnostic[37]
COL1A2KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
COL1A2KidneyGlomerularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
COL1A2KidneyTubularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
COL3A1KidneyTubularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
COL4A1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
COL4A1UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
COL4A2KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
COL6A3KidneyGlomerularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
COL8A1KidneyGlomerular/tubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[40]
COL8A2KidneyGlomerular/tubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[40]
CTGFKidneyGlomerularDownT2DArray/qPCR/IHCDiagnostic[41]
CXCL10/IP10KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
CXCL16KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
CXCL6KidneyGlomerularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
DKK3KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
EDN1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
EGFKidneyTubulointerstitialDownT1D/T2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[39]
ENTPD8 KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[31]
FAT1UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
FGF-2KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IFDiagnostic[43]
FN1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
FOXO1KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[33]
FOXO3AKidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[33]
FSP1KidneyGlomerularUpT2DqPCR/ISHDiagnostic/prognostic[44]
GREM1KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/ISH/IHCDiagnostic[45]
GREM1KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/ISHDiagnostic/prognostic[46]
HDAC2KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[34]
HDAC4KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[34]
HDAC5KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[34]
HES1KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/ISHDiagnostic[46]
HLA-AKidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
HLA-BKidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
HSPA5KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic[47]
HyaluronoglucosidaseKidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
HYOU1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic[47]
IFNB1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
IGF-1KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
IGFBP-2KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
IGHKidneyGlomerularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
IGHKidneyTubularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
IGLKidneyTubularUpNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
IHG-1 KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DISHDiagnostic[48]
IL6KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[38]
IRS2KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DISHDiagnostic[49]
JAG1KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/ISHDiagnostic[46]
JAK2KidneyGlomerular/tubulointerstitialUpT2DArray/qPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[50]
LC3KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[33]
LC3KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[34]
LDLRKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
LEF1KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
LOX1KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[24]
MMP14KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
MMP2KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
MMP7KidneyTubulointerstitialUpNDArray/qPCR/IHCDiagnostic[51]
MMP7KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
MRP8KidneyGlomerularUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[52]
NOTCH3UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
NPHS1KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArrayDiagnostic[41]
NPHS1KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArray/IHCDiagnostic[32]
NPHS1UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[53]
NPHS1KidneyWholeDownT2DISHDiagnostic/prognostic[54]
NPHS1UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[28]
NPHS1KidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
NPHS2KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArrayDiagnostic[41]
NPHS2UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[53]
NPHS2UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[28]
NPHS2KidneyGlomerularDownNDArray/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[37]
NPHS2UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[29]
NRP1KidneyGlomerularDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[55]
NRP2KidneyGlomerularDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[55]
OPGKidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[56]
PDGF-AKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[57]
PDGF-BKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[57]
PECAM-1KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[32]
PKCαKidneyGlomerularUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[58]
PLA2R1KidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
PLCE1KidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
PODXLKidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
PODXLUrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[29]
PRKCBKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[59]
PTGDSKidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
ROBO2KidneyGlomerularDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[60]
SMPDL3bKidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[61]
STAT1KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[33]
SYNPOUrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[28]
SYNPOKidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic[37]
SYNPOUrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[29]
SYNPOUrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
TIMP1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
TIMP1UrineSedimentDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
TIMP3KidneyWholeDownT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[33]
TIMP3KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DqPCRDiagnostic[39]
TIPE2KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/WBDiagnostic[62]
TLR4KidneyGlomerular/tubulointerstitialUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[38]
TNFAIP8KidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/WBDiagnostic[62]
TRAILKidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DArray/IHC/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[56]
TWIST1UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[27]
UIIKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic[63]
UTKidneyWholeUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[63]
VCAM1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT1D/T2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[35]
VEGFKidneyGlomerularDownT2DArray/qPCR/IHCDiagnostic[41]
VEGFKidneyGlomerularDownT2DArray/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[32]
VEGFKidneyGlomerularDownT2DqPCRDiagnostic/prognostic[64]
VEGFKidneyWholeUpT2DISH/IHCDiagnostic[65]
VEGFKidneyTubulointerstitialDownT1D/T2DqPCR/IHCDiagnostic/prognostic[39]
WNT1KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
WNT16KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
WNT2BKidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
WNT4KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
WNT6KidneyGlomerularUpT2DArrayDiagnostic[42]
WT1KidneyGlomerularDownT2DArray/IHCDiagnostic[41]
WT1UrineSedimentUpT2DqPCRDiagnostic[28]
WT1KidneyGlomerularDownNDArrayDiagnostic/prognostic[37]
XBP1KidneyTubulointerstitialUpT2DArray/qPCRDiagnostic[47]