Glycaemic Control and Associated Self-Management Behaviours in Diabetic Outpatients: A Hospital Based Observation Study in Lusaka, Zambia
Table 2
Glycaemic control status by characteristics/self-management behaviours of the participants at the University Teaching Hospital.
Characteristic/self-management behavior
Glycaemic control status
value
Good (, ≤ 48 mmol/mol)
Poor (, ≥ 49 mmol/mol)
No (%)
No (%)
Age
15–34 years
4 (19.0)
17 (81.0)
35–54 years
29 (38.2)
47 (61.8)
0.117
55 years and above
42 (43.3)
55 (56.7)
Sex
Male
29 (38.2)
47 (61.8)
Female
46 (39.0)
72 (61.0)
0.908
Education level
Never/primary
27 (36.5)
47 (63.5)
Secondary
33 (37.5)
55 (62.5)
0.575
College/university
15 (46.9)
17 (53.1)
Adherence ()
No
44 (30.8)
99 (69.2)
Yes
31 (60.8)
20 (39.2)
0.000
SBGM
No
63 (37.5)
105 (62.5)
Yes
12 (46.2)
14 (53.8)
0.399
SBGM means
Owning glucometer
3 (60.0)
2 (40.0)
Public health facility
6 (46.2)
7 (53.8)
0.686
Private health facility
3 (37.5)
5 (62.5)
Not applicable
63 (37.5)
105 (62.5)
Exercise
No
47 (41.2)
67 (58.8)
Yes
28 (35.0)
52 (65.0)
0.381
BMI (kg/m2) ()
Underweight (≤18.4)
1 (16.7)
5 (83.3)
Normal (18.5–24.9)
17 (30.4)
39 (69.6)
Overweight (25–29.9)
31 (44.3)
39 (55.7)
0.306
Obese (≥30)
22 (40.7)
32 (59.3)
FPG (mmol/L; mean, SD)
8.47 (3.88)
10.26 (5.17)
0.011
Pearson’s Chi-Squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and Student’s -test. Significant value at , SBGM: self-blood glucose monitoring, BMI: body mass index, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, and SD: standard deviation.