Research Article

Glycaemic Control and Associated Self-Management Behaviours in Diabetic Outpatients: A Hospital Based Observation Study in Lusaka, Zambia

Table 2

Glycaemic control status by characteristics/self-management behaviours of the participants at the University Teaching Hospital.

Characteristic/self-management behaviorGlycaemic control status value
Good (, ≤ 48 mmol/mol)Poor (, ≥ 49 mmol/mol)
No (%)No (%)

Age
 15–34 years4 (19.0)17 (81.0)
 35–54 years29 (38.2)47 (61.8)0.117
 55 years and above42 (43.3)55 (56.7)
Sex
 Male29 (38.2)47 (61.8)
 Female46 (39.0)72 (61.0)0.908
Education level
 Never/primary27 (36.5)47 (63.5)
 Secondary33 (37.5)55 (62.5)0.575
 College/university 15 (46.9)17 (53.1)
Adherence ()
 No44 (30.8)99 (69.2)
 Yes 31 (60.8)20 (39.2)0.000
SBGM
 No 63 (37.5)105 (62.5)
 Yes12 (46.2)14 (53.8)0.399
SBGM means
 Owning glucometer3 (60.0)2 (40.0)
 Public health facility6 (46.2)7 (53.8)0.686
 Private health facility3 (37.5)5 (62.5)
 Not applicable63 (37.5)105 (62.5)
Exercise
 No47 (41.2)67 (58.8)
 Yes28 (35.0)52 (65.0)0.381
BMI (kg/m2) ()
 Underweight (≤18.4)1 (16.7)5 (83.3)
 Normal (18.5–24.9)17 (30.4)39 (69.6)
 Overweight (25–29.9)31 (44.3)39 (55.7)0.306
 Obese (≥30)22 (40.7)32 (59.3)
FPG (mmol/L; mean, SD)8.47 (3.88)10.26 (5.17)0.011

Pearson’s Chi-Squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and Student’s -test. Significant value at , SBGM: self-blood glucose monitoring, BMI: body mass index, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, and SD: standard deviation.