Plasma C1q/TNF-Related Protein-9 Levels Are Associated with Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes without Renal Dysfunction
Table 1
Clinical characteristics, plasma CTRP9 levels, plasma adiponectin levels, and carotid IMT in all subjects with type 2 diabetes as well as in subgroups with and without CKD.
All subjects
Non-CKD
CKD
(male %)
419 (58.5)
258 (54.3)
161 (65.2)
0.027
Age (years)
65 [55–71]
62 [52–68]
68 [62–74]
<0.001
Duration of diabetes (years)
11 [5–20]
9 [2–17]
16 [10–22]
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
25.0 [22.0–27.9]
25.1 [21.8–28.2]
24.6 [22.3–27.6]
0.708
Systolic BP (mmHg)
128 [116–143]
124 [113–137]
136 [121–150]
<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
73 [67–80]
73 [67–79]
74 [67–82]
0.448
Smoker (%)
200 (47.7)
118 (45.7)
82 (50.9)
0.030
Antihyperglycemic agents (%)
None
43 (10.3)
27 (10.5)
16 (9.9)
0.863
Sulfonylureas
152 (36.3)
107 (41.5)
45 (28.0)
0.005
Biguanides
133 (31.7)
106 (41.1)
27 (16.8)
<0.001
DPP-4 inhibitors
117 (27.9)
75 (29.1)
42 (26.1)
0.508
Thiazolidinediones
48 (11.5)
37 (14.3)
11 (6.8)
0.019
Insulin OHA
178 (42.5)
88 (34.1)
90 (56.0)
<0.001
Statin (%)
180 (43.0)
99 (38.4)
81 (50.3)
0.016
ARB/ACEI (%)
169 (40.3)
87 (33.7)
82 (50.9)
<0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
119 [102–145]
120 [106–147]
117 [95–142]
0.080
HbA1c (%)
8.4 [7.3–9.7]
8.6 [7.6–10.0]
8.2 [7.0–9.4]
0.003
Immunoreactive insulin (U/mL)†
6.7 [4.6–10.1]
6.7 [4.5–10.3]
7.0 [4.6–9.5]
0.876
HOMA-R†
2.02 [1.32–2.93]
2.10 [1.33–2.99]
1.85 [1.28–2.61]
0.285
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
0.81 [0.66–1.08]
0.70 [0.60–0.81]
1.27 [1.02–1.87]
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
67.0 [49.3–79.0]
76.7 [68.8–87.3]
42.7 [25.9–53.8]
<0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
116 [90–153]
112 [83–145]
124 [94–176]
0.006
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
41 [36–50]
42 [37–52]
40 [35–47]
0.019
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
106 [84–133]
108 [88–135]
99 [79–128]
0.012
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
6.2 [3.8–12.0]
5.2 [3.5–9.4]
8.4 [4.9–14.7]
<0.001
CTRP9 (μg/mL)
17.4 [9.4–27.8]
13.9 [8.2–22.6]
22.5 [14.9–37.5]
<0.001
Max-IMT (mm)
1.08 [0.92–1.25]
1.05 [0.89–1.20]
1.14 [0.97–1.33]
<0.001
Mean-IMT (mm)
0.76 [0.66–0.87]
0.74 [0.64–0.86]
0.79 [0.68–0.90]
0.005
Data are expressed as median [interquartile range] or (%), as appropriate. p values were determined by using Wilcoxon rank-sum test or -test, as appropriate, for comparison between the CKD and non-CKD groups. , for all subjects, for the non-CKD group, and for the CKD group not receiving insulin therapy. CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; smoker, prevalence of current or past smokers; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase; OHA, oral antihyperglycemic agent; statin, prevalence of subjects treated with stains; ARB/ACEI, prevalence of subjects treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-R, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CTRP, C1q/TNF-related protein; IMT, intima-media thickness.
