Parental Diabetes Behaviors and Distress Are Related to Glycemic Control in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: Longitudinal Data from the DINO Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics.
Boys N (%)
87 (50.0)
Youth’s age (yrs)
11.64 (2.18)
HbA1c % (mmol/mol)
7.84 (±3.19) (62.15 (±11.35))
Age diabetes onset
6.56 (3.72)
Diabetes duration (yrs)
5.0983 (3.61)
Pump/injections N (%)
134/39 (77.5/22.4)
Completion by mothers N (%)
151 (87.3)
Completion online/paper N (%)
157/16 (90.8/9.2)
Parental education N (%)
(i) Low
18 (10.4)
(ii) Moderate
42 (24.1)
(iii) High
112 (64.7)
(iv) NA
1 (0.6)
Ethnic identification other than Dutch N (%)
10 (5.8)
Adolescents born in the Netherlands N (%)
169 (94.2)
Traditional family composition N (%)
138 (81.2)
WHO-5 (0–25)
15.49 (5.14)
DFBC supportive (9–45)
30.15 (5.37)
DFBC unsupportive (7–35)
14.45 (4.44)
PAID-Pr (0–72)
13.54 (9.08)
SDQ (0–40)
8.20 (6.03)
Data are means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; WHO-5: WHO-Five Well-Being Index; DFBC: Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist: PAID-Pr: Problem Areas In Diabetes-Parent Revised version; SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; low: primary school; LBO, Mavo, VMBO, MBO-1, and avo-onderbouw; moderate: Havo, HBS, VWO, and MBO; high: HBO and university [20]. Parents were asked with which ethnicity they identified themselves.
