Research Article
Foot Complications in a Representative Australian Inpatient Population
Table 2
Participant characteristics and univariate analysis for previous amputation and previous foot ulcer.
| | Variables | All | Previous amputation | Previous foot ulcer | | n (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | value | n (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | value |
| | Participants | 733 | 30 / 731 (4.1%) | | | 72/731 (9.8%) | | | | Demographics | | | | | | | | | Age: mean (SD) years | 62.0 (18.6) | 71.4 (11.1) | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 0.006 | 65.8 (15.6) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.074 | | Age: median (IQR) years | 65 (50–76) | 72 (66–79) | | 0.006 | 69 (57–76) | | 0.128 | | Age groups | | | | NA | | | 0.110 | | 18–40 years | 110 (15.0%) | 0 | 1.00 | | 5 (6.9%) | 1.00 | | | 41–60 years | 188 (25.7%) | 6 (20.0%) | | | 19 (26.4%) | 2.38 (0.86–6.55) | 0.095 | | 61–80 years | 316 (43.2%) | 17 (56.7%) | | | 39 (54.2%) | 2.97 (1.14–7.73) | 0.026 | | 81+ years | 117 (16.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | | | 9 (12.5%) | 1.75 (0.57–5.39) | 0.330 | | Male sex | 408 (55.8) | 19 (63.3%) | 1.38 (0.65–2.95) | 0.400 | 46 (63.9%) | 1.46 (0.88–2.42) | 0.142 |
| | Social determinants | | | | | | | | | Socioeconomic status | 711 | | | 0.638 | | | 0.064 | | Most disadvantaged | 102 (14.4%) | 6 (20.7%) | 1.00 | | 16 (22.9%) | 1.00 | | | Second most disadvantaged | 159 (22.4%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.74 (0.24–2.26) | 0.593 | 17 (24.3%) | 0.64 (0.31–1.34) | 0.239 | | Middle | 98 (13.8%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.33 (0.07–1.69) | 0.185 | 4 (5.7%) | 0.23 (0.07–0.72) | 0.011 | | Second least disadvantaged | 240 (33.8%) | 11 (37.9%) | 0.78 (0.28–2.16) | 0.626 | 26 (37.1%) | 0.66 (0.34–1.28) | 0.218 | | Least disadvantaged | 112 (15.8%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.44 (0.11–1.81) | 0.255 | 7 (10.0%) | 0.36 (0.14–0.91) | 0.031 | | Geographic remoteness | 711 | | | 0.589 | | | 0.304 | | Major city | 435 (61.2%) | 18 (62.1%) | 1.00 | | 41 (58.6%) | 1.00 | | | Inner regional area | 153 (21.5%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.62 (0.21–1.86) | 0.392 | 15 (21.4%) | 1.04 (0.56–1.94) | 0.904 | | Outer regional area | 66 (9.3%) | 5 (17.2%) | 1.89 (0.68–5.28) | 0.224 | 12 (17.1%) | 2.13 (1.05–4.29) | 0.036 | | Remote area | 30 (4.2%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.80 (0.10–6.17) | 0.826 | 0 | 0 | NA | | Very remote area | 27 (3.8%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.89 (0.11–6.90) | 0.909 | 2 (2.9%) | 0.77 (0.18–3.35) | 0.722 | | <10-year education level | 395 (54.0%) | 19 (63.3%) | 1.48 (0.70–3.16) | 0.307 | 41 (56.9%) | 1.13 (0.69–1.85) | 0.621 | | Indigenous | 34 (4.6%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.70 (0.09–5.27) | 0.727 | 4 (5.6%) | 1.23 (0.42–3.60) | 0.704 | | Born overseas | 161 (22.0%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.70 (0.26–1.85) | 0.467 | 11 (15.3%) | 0.61 (0.31–1.19) | 0.146 |
| | Medical condition history | | | | | | | | | Diabetes | 172 (23.5%) | 16 (53.3%) | 3.99 (1.91–8.36) | <0.001 | 35 (48.6%) | 3.60 (2.19–5.94) | <0.001 | | Hypertension | 359 (49.0%) | 21 (70.0%) | 2.54 (1.15–5.61) | 0.022 | 38 (52.8%) | 1.18 (0.73–1.93) | 0.497 | | Dyslipidaemia | 234 (31.9%) | 12 (40.0%) | 1.44 (0.68–3.04) | 0.341 | 27 (37.5%) | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 0.294 | | Myocardial infarct | 146 (19.9%) | 12 (40.0%) | 2.82 (1.33–6.00) | 0.007 | 17 (23.6%) | 1.27 (0.71–2.26) | 0.417 | | Cerebrovascular accident | 85 (11.6%) | 9 (30.0%) | 3.52 (1.59–7.97) | 0.002 | 8 (11.1%) | 0.95 (0.44–2.05) | 0.885 | | Chronic kidney disease | 89 (12.1%) | 11 (36.7%) | 4.62 (2.12–10.08) | <0.001 | 19 (26.4%) | 3.02 (1.69–5.39) | <0.001 | | Smoker | 104 (14.2%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0.66 (0.20–2.22) | 0.501 | 12 (16.7%) | 1.23 (0.64–2.38) | 0.533 | | Ex-smoker | 304 (41.5%) | 14 (46.7%) | 1.25 (0.60–2.60) | 0.554 | 28 (38.9%) | 0.89 (0.54–1.46) | 0.642 | | Cancer | 174 (23.7%) | 8 (26.7%) | 1.17 (0.51–2.68) | 0.707 | 17 (23.6%) | 0.99 (0.56–1.75) | 0.968 | | Arthritis | 274 (37.4%) | 18 (60.0%) | 2.64 (1.25–5.57) | 0.011 | 41 (56.9%) | 2.43 (1.49–3.99) | <0.001 | | Depression | 191 (26.1%) | 6 (20.0%) | 0.70 (0.28–1.75) | 0.447 | 21 (29.2%) | 1.18 (0.69–2.03) | 0.537 | | Acute foot trauma | 26 (3.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.93 (0.12–7.12) | 0.946 | 7 (9.7%) | 3.63 (1.47–8.95) | 0.005 |
| | Self-care ability | | | | | | | | | Mobility impairment | 242 (33.2%) | 21 (70.0%) | 5.07 (2.29–11.25) | <0.001 | 38 (52.8%) | 2.48 (1.52–4.05) | <0.001∗∗ | | Vision impairment | 110 (15.1%) | 12 (40.0%) | 4.09 (1.91–8.75) | <0.001 | 20 (27.8%) | 2.42 (1.38–4.25) | 0.002 | | Footwear worn: inside | | | | 0.158 | | | 0.580 | | Low-risk footwear | 81 (11.1%) | 6 (20.7%) | 1.00 | | 11 (15.5%) | 1.00 | | | Moderate-risk footwear | 263 (36.1%) | 13 (44.8%) | 0.65 (0.24–1.77) | 0.399 | 27 (38.0%) | 0.73 (0.34–1.54) | 0.407 | | High-risk footwear | 139 (19.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.18 (0.04–0.93) | 0.041 | 12 (16.9%) | 0.61 (0.25–1.45) | 0.259 | | No footwear worn | 245 (33.7%) | 8 (27.6%) | 0.42 (0.14–1.26) | 0.121 | 21 (29.6%) | 0.60 (0.27–1.30) | 0.193 | | Footwear worn: outside | | | | 0.116 | | | 0.235 | | Low-risk footwear | 386 (53.2%) | 21 (75.0%) | 1.00 | | 36 (50.7%) | 1.00 | | | Moderate-risk footwear | 75 (10.3%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.23 (0.03–1.77) | 0.159 | 11 (15.5%) | 1.67 (0.81–3.44) | 0.168 | | High-risk footwear | 250 (34.4%) | 5 (17.9%) | 0.35 (0.13–0.95) | 0.039 | 21 (29.6%) | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 0.682 | | No footwear worn | 15 (2.1%) | 1 (3.6%) | 1.24 (0.16–9.87) | 0.840 | 3 (4.2%) | 2.42 (0.65–8.99) | 0.186 |
| | Past foot treatment | | | | | | | | | Yes | 256 (34.9%) | 22 (73.3%) | 5.52 (2.42–12.60) | <0.001 | 56 (77.8%) | 8.03 (4.50–14.35) | <0.001 | | Podiatry | 180 (24.6%) | 18 (60.0%) | 50.3 (2.37–10.67) | <0.001 | 41 (56.9%) | 4.95 (2.99–8.18) | <0.001 | | GP | 93 (12.7%) | 14 (46.7%) | 6.89 (3.24–14.65) | <0.001 | 27 (37.5%) | 5.39 (3.14–9.26) | <0.001 | | Surgeon | 36 (4.9%) | 14 (46.7%) | 27.01 (11.73–62.15) | <0.001 | 17 (23.6%) | 10.41 (5.12–21.18) | <0.001 | | Physician | 21 (2.9%) | 5 (16.7%) | 8.56 (2.91–25.23) | <0.001 | 7 (9.7%) | 4.96 (1.93–12.73) | 0.001 | | Nurse | 20 (2.7%) | 7 (23.3%) | 16.11 (5.88–44.15) | <0.001 | 12 (16.7%) | 16.28 (6.40–41.37) | <0.001 | | Orthotist | 4 (0.5%) | 3 (10.0%) | 77.78 (7.83–772.35) | <0.001 | 2 (2.8%) | 9.39 (1.30–67.67) | 0.026 | | Other | 9 (1.2%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 1 (1.4%) | 1.15 (0.14–9.30) | 0.898 |
| | Foot disease history | | | | | | | | | Previous foot ulcer | 72 (9.8%) | 21 (70.0%) | 30.33 (13.20–69.72) | <0.001 | — | — | — |
| | Foot risk factors | | | | | | | | | Peripheral neuropathy | 160 (22.0%) | 21 (72.4%) | 10.65 (4.62–24.56) | <0.001 | 39 (54.9%) | 5.39 (3.24–8.95) | <0.001 | | PAD | 153 (21.0%) | 20 (69.0%) | 9.44 (4.20–21.20) | <0.001 | 40 (56.3%) | 6.20 (3.72–10.34) | <0.001 | | Foot deformity | 158 (22.4%) | 17 (65.4%) | 7.27 (3.17–16.66) | <0.001 | 29 (42.0%) | 2.85 (1.70–4.77) | <0.001 |
|
|
; ; CI: confidence interval; GP: general practitioner; IQR: interquartile range; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; SD: standard deviation.
|
