The Preferential Impairment of Pupil Constriction Stimulated by Blue Light in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes without Autonomic Neuropathy

Table 1

Clinical characteristics in control subjects and subgroups of type 2 diabetic patients stratified by the severity of diabetic neuropathy.

	Control; subjects	Type 2 diabetic patients staged by neuropathy severity
		Stage I	Stage II	Stage III
Number (M/F, M%)	42 (27/15, 64.3 )	31 (20/11, 64.5)	38 (25/13, 65.8)	34 (22/12, 64.7)
Age (years)	41.1–46.2	42.9–47.6	43.5–48.5	43.4–49.1
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.8–23.6	24.1–29.8	24.8–27.8	26.8–29.8
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	120.5–127.3	129.9–139.4	133.2–142.7	136.6–147.3
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	75.5–79.0	78.2–84.7	78.9–84.5	81.8–89.4
Number treated with angiotensin receptor blocker (%)	2 (4.8)	13 (41.9)	15 (39.5)	8 (23.5)
HbA1c (%, NGSP)	5.4–5.6	6.4–6.9	6.9–8.3	7.7–9.3
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	35.4–37.5	46.7–52.0	52.4–67.5	60.7–78.6
Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.91–3.42	3.06–3.78	3.24–3.83	3.34–3.94
Number treated with statins (%)	3 (7.1)	2 (6.5)	4 (10.5)	5 (14.7)
High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.59–1.84	1.17–1.48	1.25–1.56	1.23–1.52
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.11–1.84	1.43–2.07	1.32–2.84	1.77–2.65
ACR (mg/gCr)	5.1–12.2	0.0–31.5	10.0–24.2	19.4–193.8
eGFR (ml/min)	78.6–88.2	78.9–92.1	80.0–91.9	78.8–90.5
Diabetic retinopathy (no/simple, %/%)		28/3, 90.3/9.7	33/5, 86.8/13.2	27/7, 79.4/20.6
Duration of diabetes (years)		4.1–8.1	5.4–9.6	5.3–10.6

Data are the 95% confidence intervals (CI) in control subjects and the subgroups of the type 2 diabetic patients stratified by the stages of the neuropathy according to the criteria of the Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group in Japan [14]. compared with control subjects, compared with control subjects, compared with control subjects, and compared with patients at stage I neuropathy.
ACR: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.