Effects of Face-to-Face and Telephone-Based Family-Oriented Education on Self-Care Behavior and Patient Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Comparison of self-care and its domains among the three groups at the beginning and at the end of the study.

Variable		Control		Face-to-face education		Phone-based education		value
		Mean ± SD	Mean ranks	Mean ± SD	Mean ranks	Mean ± SD	Mean ranks
Dietary adherence (0–35)	Preintervention	15.06 ± 7.03	—	12.7 ± 5.71	—	13.5 ± 6.13	—	F(2,87) = 1.056
	Postintervention	12.96 ± 6.91	—	30.5 ± 9.59	—	25.9 ± 4.33	—	F(2,87) = 46.91
Physical activity (0–14)	Preintervention	5.9 ± 3.55	52.63	4.9 ± 3.68	42.33	4.53 ± 3.03	41.53	χ^2 = 3.44; df = 2
	Postintervention	3.8 ± 3.18	19.88	10.73 ± 2.71	63.22	9.33 ± 2.6	53.4	χ^2 = 46.17; df = 2
Blood glucose monitoring (0–14)	Preintervention	3.97 ± 2.7	47.12	3.58 ± 1.8	41.45	3.47 ± 2.56	47.93	χ^2 = 1.28; df = 2
	Postintervention	1.74 ± 1	16.67	8.63 ± 3.46	59.82	8.66 ± 2.96	60.02	χ^2 = 55.78; df = 2
Foot care (0–35)	Preintervention	14.3 ± 9.07	50.52	19.13 ± 6.86	33.47	15.16 ± 8.96	52.52	χ^2 = 2.66; df = 2
	Postintervention	11.23 ± 8.57	19.45	29.93 ± 5.28	61.55	28.06 ± 5.73	55.5	χ^2 = 46.02; df = 2
Medication adherence (0–21)	Preintervention	20.86 ± 0.73	48.42	20.83 ± 0.74	47.05	20.36 ± 1.42	41.03	χ^2 = 5.006; df = 2
	Postintervention	20.46 ± 2.92	44.98	21 ± 0.001	46.5	20.93 ± 0.365	45.02	χ^2 = 1.01; df = 2
The overall self-care (0–119)	Preintervention	58.83 ± 18.95	51.4	49.36 ± 15.74	36.73	56.13 ± 17.64	48.38	χ^2 = 5.29; df = 2
	Postintervention	49.46 ± 16.35	16.9	100.82 ± 14.56	65.78	92.93 ± 11.09	53.82	χ^2 = 57.1; df = 2

Analysis of variance. Kruskal-Wallis.