Effects of Face-to-Face and Telephone-Based Family-Oriented Education on Self-Care Behavior and Patient Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Pairwise comparison of self-care and its domains as well as clinical outcomes among the three groups at the beginning and at the end of the study.

Variable	Group	Control	Face-to-face education
Dietary adherence	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
Physical activity	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
Blood glucose monitoring	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
Foot care	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
The overall self-care	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
BMI	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
FBS (mg/dl)	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education
HbA1c (%)	Face-to-face education		—
	Phone education

Tukey’s test. The rank sum difference.