| | Study (author year) | Sample size (male) | Age (years) Mean ± SD | Monofilament | Sites and number | Threshold | Reference test | Sensitivity (%) (95% CI) | Specificity (%) (95% CI) |
| | Valk et al., 1997 [15] | 68 (36) | 51.6 ± NR | (a) SWF 5.07/10 g | Three sites on both feet: first toe, medial surface, and base of the third metatarsal bone | 1 of 18 | VPT | 95.8 | 45.5 | | (b) SWF 4.17/1 g | | (c) SWF 6.10/75 g | | McGill et al., 1999 [16] | 132 (NR) | 57 (47.5–65.8) | MF 5.07/10 g | Five sites on the right foot: great toe, dorsum between the first and second metatarsals, the plantar aspect of the first metatarsal, the plantar aspect of the fifth metatarsal, the plantar aspect of the arch | (a) 5 of 5 | VPT | (a) 31 | (a) 100 | | (b) 3 of 5 | (b) 37 | (b) 98 | | (c) 1 of 5 | (c) 39 | (c) 83 | | Nagai et al., 2001 [17] | 65 (NR) | 61.0 ± 1.3 | (a) SWF 5.07/10 g | Three sites on the foot: great toe, the plantar aspect of the first metatarsal, the plantar aspect of the fifth metatarsal | NR | Numbness in the toes and loss of ankle jerk and VPT | (a) 88 | (a) 68 | | (b) 85 | (b) 73 | | (b) SWF 4.56/4 g | (c) 48 | (c) 86 | | (c) SWF 4.31/2 g | | Paisley et al., 2002 [18] | 124 (84) | 55.4 ± 13.7 | MF 5.07/10 g | Twice on the plantar surface of each hallux and also the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th metatarsal heads | 3 of 10 | (a) NDS | (a) 87.8 | (a) 57.3 | | (b) VPT | (b) 70 | (b) 63.8 | | Kamei et al., 2005 [19] | 82 (44) | 61.6 ± 11.0 | (a) SWF 5.07/10 g | The great toe, the plantar aspect of the first metatarsal, and site 3, the plantar aspect of the fifth metatarsal for each foot | NR | VPT | (a) 15–30 | (a) 92.9 | | (b) SWF 4.31/2 g | (b) 47.5–60 | (b) 71.4–76.2 | | Jayaprakash et al., 2011 [20] | 1044 (532) | 53.3 ± 11.8 | SWF 5.07/10 g | The plantar surface of great toe and base of first, third, and fifth metatarsals of both feet | 1 of 8 | VPT | 63 | 93 | | Rayman et al., 2011 [21] | 265 | 65 ± NR | MF 5.07/10 g | (a) 3 points in each foot: tips of the first, third, and fifth toes and dorsum of hallux of both feet | (a) 2 of 8 | VPT | (a) 85 | (a) 88 | | (b) 4 points in each foot: tips of the first, third, and fifth toes | (b) 5 of 8 | (b) 81 | (b) 91 | | Bedi and Mittal, 2012 [22] | 106 (48) | 54.99 ± 11.08 | SWF 5.07/10 g | The plantar surface of great toe and base of the first, third, and fifth metatarsals of both feet | 1 of 8 | VPT | 48.9 | 48 | | Bracewell et al., 2012 [23] | 141 (76) | 56.9 ± 14.7 | MF 5.07/10 g | Five sites: the 1st, 3rd, and 5th metatarsal heads on the plantar surface, the hallux pulp, the dorsal surface of the hallux proximal to the nail fold | NR | VPT | 84 | 83 | | Najafi et al., 2014 [24] | 107 (35) | 57.6 ± 10.2 | MF 5.07/10 g | The dorsum of the great toe midway between the nail fold and the DIP joint | 3 of 10 | MNSI | 16.7 | 87 |
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