Research Article

Case Finding and Medical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes among Different Ethnic Minority Groups: The HELIUS Study

Table 3

Ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and control among those with diabetes by sex, adjusted for age.

Awareness (among all DM cases)¥Medical treatment (among all DM cases)¥Medical treatment (among those aware)Control of HbA1c levels (among those medically treated)
n/N% n/N% n/N% n/N%

Men
Dutch63/10560.0Ref44/10541.9Ref44/6369.8Ref29/4367.4Ref
SA Sur239/29182.13.8 (2.3–6.2)212/29372.44.8 (3.0–7.9)199/23983.32.6 (1.4–5.1)80/20838.50.3 (0.2–0.6)
African Sur130/18371.01.9 (1.1–3.1)112/18361.22.6 (1.6–4.3)107/13082.32.3 (1.1–4.6)48/10944.00.4 (0.2–0.8)
Ghanaian110/13283.34.8 (2.6–9.0)69/13451.52.3 (1.4–4.0)63/11057.30.8 (0.4–1.5)31/6845.60.4 (0.2–1.0)
Turks134/18273.62.7 (1.6–4.7)100/18354.62.8 (1.7–4.7)94/13470.11.5 (0.8–3.0)37/9937.40.3 (0.1–0.7)
Moroccan147/18181.23.7 (2.1–6.5)107/18159.82.8 (1.7–4.6)104/14770.71.3 (0.7–2.6)41/10738.30.3 (0.2–0.7)
Women
Dutch46/5879.3Ref34/5858.6Ref32/4669.6Ref16/3447.1Ref
SA Sur264/29589.52.9 (1.4–6.3)219/29674.02.9 (1.6–5.2)202/26476.52.0 (1.0–4.1)83/21738.20.7 (0.4–1.5)
African Sur262/30187.02.1 (1.0–4.5)239/30378.93.5 (1.9–6.3)225/26285.93.5 (1.7–7.3)119/23450.91.2 (0.6–2.5)
Ghanaian106/13677.91.4 (0.6–3.0)91/13666.92.4 (1.2–4.7)79/10674.52.1 (1.0–4.7)47/8754.01.4 (0.6–3.3)
Turks157/18286.32.4 (1.1–5.4)116/18363.42.0 (1.1–3.8)104/15766.21.4 (0.7–3.0)43/11238.40.8 (0.3–1.7)
Moroccan220/25785.62.2 (1.0–4.6)172/25866.72.1 (1.2–3.9)160/22072.71.8 (0.9–3.7)80/17052.91.1 (0.5–2.3)

DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI confidence interval; SA Sur, South-Asian Surinamese; African Sur, African Surinamese.
Awareness: those with diabetes who self-reported to have been diagnosed with diabetes; Medical treatment: those who take glucose-lowering medication; Control: those taking glucose-lowering medication who have HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%).
.
¥Number of all DM cases (denominator) may slightly differ due to a few missing cases on awareness.
Number of medically treated participants (denominator) may vary due to few missing glucose or HbA1c levels.