Case Finding and Medical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes among Different Ethnic Minority Groups: The HELIUS Study
Table 3
Ethnic differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and control among those with diabetes by sex, adjusted for age.
Awareness (among all DM cases)¥
Medical treatment (among all DM cases)¥
Medical treatment (among those aware)
Control of HbA1c levels (among those medically treated)
n/N
%
n/N
%
n/N
%
n/N
%
Men
Dutch
63/105
60.0
Ref
44/105
41.9
Ref
44/63
69.8
Ref
29/43
67.4
Ref
SA Sur
239/291
82.1
3.8 (2.3–6.2)
212/293
72.4
4.8 (3.0–7.9)
199/239
83.3
2.6 (1.4–5.1)
80/208
38.5
0.3 (0.2–0.6)
African Sur
130/183
71.0
1.9 (1.1–3.1)
112/183
61.2
2.6 (1.6–4.3)
107/130
82.3
2.3 (1.1–4.6)
48/109
44.0
0.4 (0.2–0.8)
Ghanaian
110/132
83.3
4.8 (2.6–9.0)
69/134
51.5
2.3 (1.4–4.0)
63/110
57.3
0.8 (0.4–1.5)
31/68
45.6
0.4 (0.2–1.0)
Turks
134/182
73.6
2.7 (1.6–4.7)
100/183
54.6
2.8 (1.7–4.7)
94/134
70.1
1.5 (0.8–3.0)
37/99
37.4
0.3 (0.1–0.7)
Moroccan
147/181
81.2
3.7 (2.1–6.5)
107/181
59.8
2.8 (1.7–4.6)
104/147
70.7
1.3 (0.7–2.6)
41/107
38.3
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
Women
Dutch
46/58
79.3
Ref
34/58
58.6
Ref
32/46
69.6
Ref
16/34
47.1
Ref
SA Sur
264/295
89.5
2.9 (1.4–6.3)
219/296
74.0
2.9 (1.6–5.2)
202/264
76.5
2.0 (1.0–4.1)
83/217
38.2
0.7 (0.4–1.5)
African Sur
262/301
87.0
2.1 (1.0–4.5)
239/303
78.9
3.5 (1.9–6.3)
225/262
85.9
3.5 (1.7–7.3)
119/234
50.9
1.2 (0.6–2.5)
Ghanaian
106/136
77.9
1.4 (0.6–3.0)
91/136
66.9
2.4 (1.2–4.7)
79/106
74.5
2.1 (1.0–4.7)
47/87
54.0
1.4 (0.6–3.3)
Turks
157/182
86.3
2.4 (1.1–5.4)
116/183
63.4
2.0 (1.1–3.8)
104/157
66.2
1.4 (0.7–3.0)
43/112
38.4
0.8 (0.3–1.7)
Moroccan
220/257
85.6
2.2 (1.0–4.6)
172/258
66.7
2.1 (1.2–3.9)
160/220
72.7
1.8 (0.9–3.7)
80/170
52.9
1.1 (0.5–2.3)
DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI confidence interval; SA Sur, South-Asian Surinamese; African Sur, African Surinamese. Awareness: those with diabetes who self-reported to have been diagnosed with diabetes; Medical treatment: those who take glucose-lowering medication; Control: those taking glucose-lowering medication who have HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%). . ¥Number of all DM cases (denominator) may slightly differ due to a few missing cases on awareness. Number of medically treated participants (denominator) may vary due to few missing glucose or HbA1c levels.