Metformin Improves Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Induced by TGF-<i>β</i>1 in Renal Tubular Epithelial NRK-52E Cells via Inhibiting Egr-1

Guan, Meiping; Li, Wenqi; Xu, Lingling; Zeng, Yanmei; Wang, Dan; Zheng, Zongji; Lyv, Fuping; Xue, Yaoming

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1031367

Journal of Diabetes Research

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 1031367 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1031367

Metformin Improves Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Induced by TGF-β1 in Renal Tubular Epithelial NRK-52E Cells via Inhibiting Egr-1

Meiping Guan,¹Wenqi Li,^1,2Lingling Xu,¹Yanmei Zeng,¹Dan Wang,¹Zongji Zheng,¹Fuping Lyv,¹and Yaoming Xue¹

Academic Editor: Steven F. Abcouwer

Received22 Nov 2017

Revised08 Feb 2018

Accepted06 Mar 2018

Published27 Jun 2018

Abstract

The early growth response- (Egr-) 1 has been found to play a key role in organ fibrosis. Metformin has been shown to be effective in attenuating renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is involved in renal fibrosis. However, it is unknown whether metformin improves EMT via inhibiting Egr-1. In this study, rat renal tubular epithelial (NRK-52 E) cells, treated by transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 of 10 ng/ml with or without metformin of 1 mmol/l, were transfected by siEgr-1 or M61-Egr-1 plasmids to knock down or overexpress Egr-1, respectively. The gene and protein expressions of E-cadherin, α-SMA, fibronectin (FN), and Egr-1 were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. We observed that TGF-β1 significantly reduced E-cadherin expression and upregulated the expressions of FN, α-SMA, and Egr-1, which can be reversed by metformin. M61-Egr-1 transfection could exacerbate EMT, which can be reversed by metformin. Taken together, our data show that Egr-1 plays an important role in TGF-β1-induced EMT of renal tubular epithelial cells and metformin improves EMT while inhibiting Egr-1, which provides a potential novel target to combat renal fibrosis.

1. Introduction

Renal interstitial fibrosis is regarded as the final outcome of all types of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered to be a crucial process leading to renal interstitial fibrosis, which is characterized by the loss of epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin; zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) coincides with the acquisition of new mesenchymal markers, including vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibronectin (FN). Accumulated data have implicated that EMT plays an important role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis [1]. As we know, a variety of stimulators can enhance renal tubular EMT, such as transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1, hypoxia, and angiotensin II [2, 3]. Among these inducers, TGF-β1 is considered to play a crucial role in renal tubular EMT [4]. TGF-β1 modulates the expression of various genes: it decreases the expression of genes for proteases that degrade matrix proteins and increases the expression of extracellular matrix proteins and protease inhibitor genes. TGF-β1 also induces the expression of immediate-early response genes, such as c-jun and early growth response-1 (Egr-1) [5].

Egr-1 has been regarded as an early growth gene that is rapidly and transiently stimulated by a variety of agents during induction of cell proliferation in a large variety of cells and species [6]. Egr-1 is involved in transcriptional control and leads to a cascade of gene activation, which is thought to mediate the growth response [7]. Furthermore, recent studies show that Egr-1 is related to tissue fibrosis, including the lung, liver fibrosis, and scleroderma [8]. The DNA enzyme targeting Egr-1 resulted in the suppression of renal interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats [9]. The expression of Egr-1 is at a low level in normal condition, but it can be induced both acutely and chronically by stimulating factors, including neurotransmitters, hormones, angiotensin II, growth factors, and mechanical injury. Recent studies suggest that Egr-1 is involved in renal tubular EMT [10].

Recently, metformin, the first line of oral therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has been found to have beneficial effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD). The research shows that metformin attenuates folic acid-induced renal interstitial fibrogenesis through TGF-β1 signaling pathways [11]. Provided that the dose is adjusted for renal function, metformin treatment appears to be safe and still pharmacologically efficacious in moderate-to-severe CKD [12]. Most of the previous studies show that metformin attenuate tubulointerstitial fibrosis and EMT through the activation of AMPK and downregulation of TGF-β1. Considering the important role of Egr-1 in organ fibrosis process, it is necessary to clarify the direct mechanism of metformin in preventing renal fibrosis. However, it is not known whether metformin improves TGF-β1-induced EMT via inhibiting Egr-1.

In this study, we investigate the effect of metformin on TGF-β1-induced renal tubular EMT and explore the potential mechanism in which Egr-1 may be involved.

2. Methods

2.1. Reagents

Human recombinant TGF-β1 was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The EX-Rn10077-M61-Egr-1 plasmid was purchased from GeneCopoeia Inc. (Guangzhou, China). The siRNA for Egr-1 was purchased from Colour Life (Shanghai, China). The Egr-1 antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA). The antibodies against fibronectin and β-actin were obtained from Abcam (USA). The antibodies against E-cadherin were obtained from BD (USA). The anti-GAPDH was purchased from Jetway Biotech Co. Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). The anti-α-SMA was obtained from Boster (Wuhan, China). Metformin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company.

2.2. Cell Culture and Treatment

Rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52 E cells) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Hyclone, Thermo, San Jose, CA) that contained 4.5 g/l glucose, with addition of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (both from Sigma-Aldrich) at 37°C with 95% normal air and 5% CO₂ and passaged twice a week.

2.3. RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis, and Real-Time RT-PCR

Gene expressions of Egr-1, fibronectin (FN), E-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle (α-SMA) were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and performed as described previously. Total RNA was isolated from NRK-52E cells with TRIzol (Dingguo, Beijing, China). We detected the quality and concentration of the RNA by using the NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA, USA). Reverse transcription of RNA was performed according to the instructions of PrimeScript RT Master Mix, purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). RT-PCRs were proceeded by an ABI Prism 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). SYBR Green RT-PCR MasterMix was used for quantifying the relative abundance of target mRNA. Primers are shown in Table 1. PCR reaction conditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles at 95°C for 10 s, 60°C for 20 s, and 72°C for 34 s. The relative expressions for the genes that were mentioned above were normalized to the expression of β-actin. All RT-PCRs were performed at least three separate times in triplicate and the data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

2.4. Western Blot Analysis

The NRK-52 E cells were washed with PBS for three times and harvested. Then, cells were lysed on ice for 10 min with RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China) according to manufacturer’s instructions and centrifuged for 15 min at 14000 rpm at 4°C. The cell pellet was lysed in lysis buffer (0.5% SDS in PBS) with a syringe, boiled for 10 min, and centrifuged for 10 min at 13000 rpm and 4°C. The protein concentration was quantified by using the BCA protein assay reagent. The proteins were added with 5 × loading buffer and then boiled for 5 min at 90°C. Equal amounts of total protein were separated on 10% SDS polyacrylamide gels and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Merck Millipore, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked in 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline and 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1-2 h at room temperature and subsequently incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies, including Egr-1, α-SMA, E-cadherin, and FN. The membranes were then incubated with the appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. The Odyssey infrared imaging system (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) was used to determine the bands and Quantity One Version 4.4.0 was used for quantification. Protein expression was normalized to β-actin or GAPDH.

2.5. Transient Transfection

M61-Egr-1, Egr-1-specific siRNA, and empty vector M61 plasmids were purchased from Funeng Company (China). NRK-52 E cells were transfected with indicated plasmid using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) complying with the manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were cultured 24 h after transfection and then exposed to 10 ng/ml TGF-β1. For evaluating Egr-1 expression, cells were harvested at 30 min and 2 h after TGF-β1 stimulation. For detecting the effect of M61-Egr-1 on EMT, cells were harvested at 72 h after TGF-β1 stimulation. The siRNA primers were chemically synthesized by Colour Life (Shanghai, China).

2.6. Statistical Analysis

All results were expressed as means ± SD. Statistical analysis was assessed by t-test or a one-way ANOVA using SPSS 13.0. A value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Metformin Inhibiting TGF-β1-Induced EMT in NRK-52E Cells

Subsequently, we investigated the effect of metformin on the TGF-β1-induced EMT. It was revealed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis that metformin significantly reversed the decrease of E-cadherin and the increase of α-SMA and FN in NRK-52 E cells induced by TGF-β1 (Figure 1). These results indicated that metformin has a potent protective property against TGF-β1-induced EMT in NRK-52 E cells.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

3.2. Egr-1 Was Involved in TGF-β1-Induced EMT in NRK-52E Cells

As shown in Figure 2(a), Egr-1 mRNA was increased at 15 min and peaked at 30 min () after TGF-β1 stimulation, while the protein expression of Egr-1 was increased at 30 min and peaked at 2 h () after TGF-β1 treatment (Figure 2(b)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

To assess whether Egr-1 contributes to TGF-β1-induced EMT in NRK-52 E cells, overexpression and knockdown of Egr-1 by M61-Egr-1 and siEgr-1 plasmid transfection, respectively, were performed in NRK-52 E cells. We observed that M61-Egr-1 successfully upregulated the gene and protein expressions of Egr-1 (Figures 3(a)–3(c)). M61-Egr-1 transfection significantly reduced E-cadherin expression and increased the expressions of α-SMA and FN significantly in both mRNA and protein (Figures 3(d)–3(f) for mRNA and Figures 3(g)–3(j) for protein).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

SiEgr-1 reduced the expression of Egr-1 significantly (Figure 4(a) for mRNA and Figures 4(b) and 4(f) for protein). We observed that TGF-β1 significantly inhibited the expression of E-cadherin, which was reversed by siEgr-1. And siEgr-1 also significantly reversed the increases of α-SMA and FN in both mRNA and protein expressions induced by TGF-β1 (Figures 4(c)–4(e) for mRNA and Figures 4(g)–4(j) for protein). These results suggested that Egr-1 was involved in TGF-β1-induced EMT.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

3.3. Metformin Inhibiting TGF-β1-Induced Upregulation of Egr-1 in NRK-52E Cells

We then assessed the effect of metformin on the expression of Egr-1 induced by TGF-β1. Egr-1 expressions were significantly upregulated by TGF-β1, which were reversed by metformin treatment (Figure 5). These results suggest that metformin inhibits EMT and Egr-1 expression induced by TGF-β1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

Renal tubular EMT is defined as a process in which renal tubular cells lose their epithelial phenotype and acquire new characteristic features of mesenchyme [4], which is increasingly being considered as a possible mechanism leading to tubulointerstitial fibrosis [13, 14]. Egr-1, as an immediate-early response protein, has been considered to play a crucial role in the process of EMT in a variety of tumor cells [15–17]. In our previous study, we found that high glucose or TGF-β1 rapidly upregulated expression of Egr1 in cultured mesangial cells (MCs). Overexpressing Egr1 in MCs by transfection with M61-Egr1 plasmid or treatment with high glucose upregulated expression of FN, type IV collagen, and TGF-β1 and promoted MC proliferation. Conversely, siRNA-mediated silencing of Egr1 downregulated these genes and inhibited MCs proliferation. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that Egr1 protein bound to the TGF-β1 promoter [18].

Accumulating evidence shows that metformin has beneficial effects on diabetic kidney disease [19, 20]. Mechanisms underlying the nephroprotective effects of metformin may involve in AMPK/mTOR pathway, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and lipotoxicity [21]. Recently, some studies show that metformin can inhibit EMT in tumor cells [22–24]. AMPK activation has been found to have renal protective effects [25]. Although metformin, as an AMPK activator, has a beneficial effect on EMT [26], it is not known whether metformin improved the TGF-β1-induced EMT by inhibiting Egr-1 in renal tubular epithelial cells. In the present study, we verified that Egr-1 was upregulated by TGF-β1 in cultured NRK-52E cells. Overexpression of Egr-1 inhibited the expression of E-cadherin and exacerbated the expressions of α-SMA and FN induced by TGF-β1. Knockdown of Egr-1 by siEgr-1 efficiently reversed TGF-β1-induced renal tubular EMT. Thus, we demonstrated that TGF-β1-induced EMT was significantly improved by metformin via inhibiting Egr-1, which may be one of the potential mechanisms for the renal protective effects of metformin.

In conclusion, our results show that metformin improves rat tubular EMT via inhibiting Egr-1, while Egr-1 may represent a potential therapeutic target for tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Authors’ Contributions

Meiping Guan and Wenqi Li contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 81628004, 31400992, and 81470047), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2013B022000061), Wu Jieping Medical Foundation (320.6750.15198), and the Foundation of the President of Nanfang Hospital (2013B021). The authors thank Ling Wang at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou, China) for the technical support.

References

Y. Liu, “New insights into epithelial-mesenchymal transition in kidney fibrosis,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 212–222, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Zeng, Y. Yao, M. Han et al., “Biliverdin reductase mediates hypoxia-induced EMT via PI3-kinase and Akt,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 380–387, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhou, H. Xue, P. Yuan et al., “Angiotensin AT₁ receptor activation mediates high glucose-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition in renal proximal tubular cells,” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. e152–e157, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. E. Hills, E. Siamantouras, S. W. Smith, P. Cockwell, K.-K. Liu, and P. E. Squires, “TGFβ modulates cell-to-cell communication in early epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,” Diabetologia, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 812–824, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ohba, M. Shibanuma, T. Kuroki, and K. Nose, “Production of hydrogen peroxide by transforming growth factor-beta 1 and its involvement in induction of egr-1 in mouse osteoblastic cells,” The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 1079–1088, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Sachinidis, P. Weisser, Y. Ko et al., “Angiotensin II induces formation of the early growth response gene-1 protein in rat vascular smooth muscle cells,” FEBS Letters, vol. 313, no. 2, pp. 109–112, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. E. Rosenberg, T. H. Hostetter, S. Kren, and D. Chmielewski, “Effect of angiotensin II and norepinephrine on early growth response genes in the rat kidney,” Kidney International, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 601–609, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhang, N. Xu, J. Xu et al., “E2F1 is a novel fibrogenic gene that regulates cholestatic liver fibrosis through the Egr-1/SHP/EID1 network,” Hepatology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 919–930, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Nakamura, Y. Isaka, M. Tsujie et al., “Introduction of DNA enzyme for Egr-1 into tubulointerstitial fibroblasts by electroporation reduced interstitial α-smooth muscle actin expression and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats,” Gene Therapy, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 495–502, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Sun, X. Ning, Y. Zhai et al., “Egr-1 mediates chronic hypoxia-induced renal interstitial fibrosis via the PKC/ERK pathway,” American Journal of Nephrology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 436–448, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yi, C. Huang, Y. Shi et al., “Metformin attenuates folic-acid induced renal fibrosis in mice,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-D. Lalau, F. Kajbaf, Y. Bennis, A.-S. Hurtel-Lemaire, F. Belpaire, and M. E. De Broe, “Metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease stages 3A, 3B, or 4,” Diabetes Care, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 547–553, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Iwano, “EMT and TGF-beta in renal fibrosis,” Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. S2, no. 1, pp. 229–238, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. X. Li and B. C. Liu, “Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis,” Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 120, no. 21, pp. 1925–1930, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Kim, H. S. Kang, Y. J. Lee et al., “EGR1-dependent PTEN upregulation by 2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde attenuates cell invasion and EMT in colon cancer,” Cancer Letters, vol. 349, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Derdak, K. A. Villegas, and J. R. Wands, “Early growth response-1 transcription factor promotes hepatic fibrosis and steatosis in long-term ethanol-fed Long-Evans rats,” Liver International, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 761–770, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Shimoyamada, T. Yazawa, H. Sato et al., “Early growth response-1 induces and enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in lung cancer cells,” The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 70–83, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Wang, M. P. Guan, Z. J. Zheng et al., “Transcription factor Egr1 is involved in high glucose-induced proliferation and fibrosis in rat glomerular mesangial cells,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 2093–2107, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. M. Yao, S. D. Ye, C. C. Xiao, J. F. Gu, D. Yang, and S. Wang, “Metformin alleviates high glucose‑mediated oxidative stress in rat glomerular mesangial cells by modulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in vitro,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 520–526, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhai, J. Gu, D. Yang, W. Hu, W. Wang, and S. Ye, “Metformin ameliorates podocyte damage by restoring renal tissue nephrin expression in type 2 diabetic rats,” Journal of Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 510–517, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ravindran, V. Kuruvilla, K. Wilbur, and S. Munusamy, “Nephroprotective effects of metformin in diabetic nephropathy,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 232, no. 4, pp. 731–742, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Oliveras-Ferraros, A. Vazquez-Martin, E. Cuyàs et al., “Acquired resistance to metformin in breast cancer cells triggers transcriptome reprogramming toward a degradome-related metastatic stem-like profile,” Cell Cycle, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1132–1144, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhang, C. Shen, L. Wang et al., “Metformin inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells: involvement of the tumor suppressor miR30a and its target gene SOX4,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 452, no. 3, pp. 746–752, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zhao, X. Cheng, Y. Wang et al., “Metformin inhibits the IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and lung adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 4, article e95884, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. W. Xu, M. P. Guan, Z. J. Zheng et al., “Exendin-4 alleviates high glucose-induced rat mesangial cell dysfunction through the AMPK pathway,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 423–432, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. H. Lee, J. H. Kim, J. S. Kim et al., “AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits TGF-β-, angiotensin II-, aldosterone-, high glucose-, and albumin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition,” American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 304, no. 6, pp. F686–F697, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Meiping Guan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1421

Downloads

1153

Citations