Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Subsequent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome in the ELIXA: The Importance of Disease Duration

Table 3

Predictors of retinopathy and neuropathy multivariate models.

Parameter	Retinopathy		Neuropathy
	OR (95% CI)	score	OR (95% CI)	score
Duration of diabetes (per 5 years)	1.48 (1.41–1.56)	14.64	1.31 (1.25–1.37)	11.52
Insulin use	2.77 (2.23–3.46)	9.13	2.19 (1.86–2.58)	9.36
Weight (per 5 kg)	—	—	1.09 (1.07–1.11)	8.83
Previous PCI	0.75 (0.61–0.91)	2.94	0.60 (0.51–0.70)	6.32
Total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl)	—	—	1.05 (1.04–1.07)	6.23
History of PAD	—	—	1.88 (1.45–2.43)	4.82
History of HF	1.65 (1.35–2.02)	4.82	1.32 (1.12–1.56)	3.23
Previous stroke	2.06 (1.51–2.82)	4.54	1.86 (1.42–2.45)	4.45
Diastolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg)	—	—	0.88 (0.82–0.95)	3.25
Sulphonylurea use	—	—	1.29 (1.11–1.51)	3.24
Previous CABG	0.72 (0.52–0.98)	2.11	0.66 (0.51–0.86)	3.06
Presence of hypertension	1.46 (1.11–1.91)	2.69	1.39 (1.12–1.72)	3.00
Body mass index (per 5 kg/m^2)	1.12 (1.04–1.22)	2.99	—	—
Glucose (per 10 mg/dl)	1.02 (1.0-1.04)	2.29	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	2.87
eGFR (per 10 ml/min/1.73m^2)	0.94 (0.90–0.98)	2.66	—	—
Male sex	—	—	1.25 (1.06–1.47)	2.60
HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl)	1.11 (1.02–1.20)	2.53	—	—
Age (per 5 years)	—	—	1.05 (1.01–1.10)	2.20
HbA1c (per 1%)	1.09 (1.00–1.19)	1.98	—	—

Model AUC = 0.81 (retinopathy) and model AUC = 0.76 (neuropathy). HF: heart failure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; PAD: peripheral artery disease.