Vegetarian Diet and Cardiometabolic Risk among Asian Indians in the United States

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of participants [51].

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Sex
Male	609	58.7%
Female	429	41.3%
Age	47.0 ± 12.8 years
Annual household income
<$25,000	108	14.7%
$25,000–$74,999	236	32.0%
$75,000–$99,999	248	33.6%
≥$100,000+	145	19.7%
Education
≤High school grad	92	10.5%
College grad or higher	785	89.5%
Have health insurance
No	150	18.4%
Yes	666	81.6%
Marital status
Currently married	804	90.2%
Formerly married/never married	87	9.8%
Body mass index	25.2 ± 4.2 kg/m^2
English proficiency
Very well/pretty well	793	88.3%
Not too well/not at all	105	11.7%
Years lived in the US	18.5 ± 11.5 years
<10 years	252	30.6%
≥10 years	572	69.4%
Tobacco use
Never	824	92.0%
Sometimes/regular user	72	8.0%
Self-rated health
Good/excellent	745	84.8%
Fair/poor	134	15.2%
Vegetarian
Yes	553	62.7%
No	329	31.7%
Diet changed in the US
Yes	432	51.1%
No	413	48.9%

Tobacco users are respondents who indicated regular or sometimes usage of cigarettes, bidis, chewing tobacco (paan or beetle leaves), smokeless tobacco, and cigars. Spirituality is a subscale of the health promotion lifestyle profile scale (summation of 9 items). Physical activity is a subscale of the health promotion lifestyle profile scale (summation of 9 items). Proficiency in English is assessed by respondents who indicated that they can speak English very well or pretty well. Current health status was assessed by self-reported physical health by respondents. Percentages are valid percentages. Demographic characteristics of the participants have been presented in earlier studies [51].