Group versus Individual Care in Patients with Long-Standing Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A One-Year Prospective Noninferiority Study in a Tertiary Diabetes Clinic

Table 3

shows differences in anthropometric data and questionnaires between the end of the study year and baseline. Number of visits and hospital admissions is expressed as a difference between the study year and the preceding year in patients according to individual and group care and type of diabetes.

(a) Comparison between individual and group care in patients with type 1 diabetes

Parameter	Individual care			Group care			value
	N	Mean	SD	N	Mean	SD
HbA1c	11	−0.4	0.7	16	0.1	0.8	0.14
Weight	7	−2.4	4.2	14	0.1	1.2	0.15
BMI	7	−0.8	1.4	14	−0.1	1.2	0.15
SBP	8	5.5	15.2	14	9.2	15.4	0.59
DBP	8	1.5	9.7	14	5.2	8.4	0.36
Non-HDL C	11	−8.3	17	12	0.2	20.6	0.29
GP visits	9	−5.2	5.2	10	−1.2	8.1	0.22
DC visits	9	−3.6	6.0	9	−1.2	8.5	0.51
Hospital admission	11	−0.1	1.0	11	0.45	1.4	0.32
WHO-5	11	17.1	28.4	16	14.25	23.1	0.21
PAID	8	−0.2	0.2	15	0.1	0.4	0.03
PMD	8	0.2	0.4	15	0.03	0.6	0.71

(b) Comparison between individual and group care in patients with type 2 diabetes

	Individual care			Group care			value
	N	Mean	SD	N	Mean	SD
HbA1c	13	0.10	0.70	16	−0.09	0.80	0.49
Weight	16	2.6	5.4	16	1.3	4.8	0.46
BMI	16	0.98	2.00	16	0.53	1.70	0.48
SBP	9	10.6	17.3	15	−1.5	12.5	0.15
DBP	9	−4.0	7.3	15	.2	8.7	0.24
Non-HDL C	10	−4.1	20.5	13	6.3	18.9	0.24
GP visits	12	−6.3	104.	7	3.7	9.5	0.052
DC visits	9	−2.6	10.5	7	5.66	7.4	0.10
Hospital admission	13	0.6	1.3	12	0.17	1.30	0.40
WHO-5	8	9.5	28.2	10	−3.6	14.3	0.54
PAID	8	0.16	0.60	11	0.02	0.57	0.59
PMD	7	−0.14	1.10	11	−0.14	0.70	0.98

N: number; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SBP and DBP: systolic and diastolic blood pressure; Non-HDL C: non-HDL cholesterol; GP: general practitioner; DC: diabetes clinic; WHO-5: World Health Organization quality of life short version; PAID: patient areas in diabetes; PMD: personal models of diabetes questionnaires.