Association of Wrist Circumference and Waist-to-Height Ratio with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Type II Diabetics in a Ghanaian Population

Table 2

Descriptive of anthropometric indices, haemodynamic indices, and lipid parameters of study participants.

Variables	Total ()	Men ()	Women ()	value
Age (years)	56.4 ± 13.1	60.8 ± 11.5	55.0 ± 13.3	0.029
Duration of diabetes (years)	9.3 ± 7.5	10.9 ± 8.0	8.8 ± 7.3	0.228
WrC (cm)^a	16.5 ± 1.1	17.4 ± 0.8	16.4 ± 1.0	<0.0001
WC (cm)^a	91.9 ± 10.7	92.4 ± 10.2	91.8 ± 10.9	0.794
WHR^a	0.9 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.002
WHtR^a	0.6 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1	0.152
BMI^a	26.2 ± 4.9	24.9 ± 3.4	26.6 ± 5.3	0.047
VAI^a	3.4 ± 4.0	2.9 ± 2.9	3.6 ± 4.2	0.320
AVI^a	17.2 ± 3.9	17.3 ± 3.7	17.2 ± 3.9	0.877
BAI (%)^a	31.5 ± 6.1	27.6 ± 3.6	32.8 ± 6.2	<0001
CI^a	1.3 ± 0.1	1.32 ± 0.1	1.30 ± 0.1	0.309
SBP (mmHg)^a	133.3 ± 19.7	135.7 ± 16.2	132.6 ± 20.7	0.404
DBP (mmHg)^a	82.0 ± 16.2	85.7 ± 10.0	80.8 ± 9.9	0.065
FBS (mmol/L)^a	10.5 ± 4.2	10.8 ± 4.2	10.4 ± 4.2	0.700
TC (mmol/L)^a	6.9 ± 1.6	5.9 ± 1.6	7.2 ± 1.4	<0.0001
TG (mmol/L)^a	1.9 ± 0.9	1.9 ± 0.9	1.8 ± 0.9	0.972
HDL-C (mmol/L)^a	1.2 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	0.071
LDL-C (mmol/L)^a	4.9 ± 1.5	3.9 ± 1.4	5.1 ± 1.4	<0.0001
VLDL (mmol/L)^a	0.9 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.4	0.972
Coronary risk^a	6.1 ± 2.7	5.8 ± 3.1	6.1 ± 2.5	0.591
High SBP, n (%)^b	260 (67.8)	110 (75.0)	155 (65.6)	0.350
High DBP, n (%)^b	153 (39.8)	68 (46.4)	89 (37.8)	0.414
High TG, n (%)^b	178 (46.4)	68 (46.4)	110 (46.7)	0.982
Low HDL, n (%)^b	205 (53.4)	58 (39.3)	137 (57.8)	0.087
MetS IDF, n (%)^b	293 (76.3)	99 (64.3)	189 (80.0)	0.088
MetS WHO, n (%)^b	289 (75.4)	101 (75.0)	179 (75.6)	0.952
MetS AACE, n (%)^b	303 (78.8)	116 (78.6)	187 (78.9)	0.917
MetS NHLBI, n (%)^b	296 (77.1)	105 (71.4)	187 (78.9)	0.412
MetS NCEP ATP III, n (%)^b	296 (77.1)	105 (71.4)	187 (78.9)	0.412

All numbers are means ± standard deviation unless specified. ^at-tests. ^bChi-square tests. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; BAI: body adiposity index; VAI: visceral adiposity index; CI: conicity index; AVI: abdominal volume index; MetS: metabolic syndrome; FBG: fasting blood sugar; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.  = statistically significant.