Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Association of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease with Anti-GAD Antibody ELISA Test Positivity and Risk for Insulin Deficiency in Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the patients based on GADA-RIA and GADA-ELISA.


	T2D	SPT1D		value
	Group A ()	Group B ()	Group C ()	value

GADA-RIA	(−)	(+)	(+)
GADA-ELISA	(−)	(−)	(+)
Age (years)	68 (61–75)	69 (60–75)	64 (51–69)	0.081
Gender (female/male)	70/84	8/22	17/13	0.057
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 (21.7–27.1)	23.1 (19.3–26.9)	23.9 (21.9–27.0)	0.440
HbA1c (%)	7.0 (6.6-7.6)	6.8 (6.5–7.6)	7.4 (6.7-8.4)	0.158
Age of onset of diabetes (years)	55 (47–63)	54 (46–65)	49 (38–53)	0.028
Duration of diabetes (years)	11.1 (5.5–16.6)	8.8 (5.6–16.0)	12.3 (8.9–19.8)	0.389
Interval between GADA-RIA and GADA-ELISA tests (years)	6.6 (2.8–8.5)^†	2.8 (1.7–4.9)^†‡	9.0 (4.5–9.7)^‡	<0.001
Titer of GADA-RIA (U/mL)	—	4.8 (3.2–7.2)	36.2 (9.2–152.7)	<0.001
Titer of GADA-ELISA (U/mL)	—	—	108.8 (40.9–515.0)	—
Presence of AITD	53 (34.4)	6 (20.0)^§	20 (66.7)^§	<0.001
Insulin deficiency	1 (0.6)^§	3 (10.0)	16 (53.3)^§	<0.001
C-peptide undetected	0 (0.0)^§	1 (3.3)	7 (23.3)^§	<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	138 (126–151)	139 (126–146)	144 (130–153)	0.670
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	76 (70–84)	80 (67–86)	76 (68–90)	0.848
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	186 (164–210)	182 (165–215)	192 (165–216)	0.865
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	46 (40–55)	50 (41–59)	51 (42–61)	0.164
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	108 (89–128)	107 (86–126)	104 (90–127)	0.944
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	133 (117–160)	133 (115–165)	136 (115–149)	0.870
Glucose-lowering agents
Insulin	50 (32.5)^§	12 (40.0)	23 (76.7)^§	<0.001
Insulin secretagogues	120 (77.9)^§	21 (70.0)	9 (30.0)^§	<0.001
Others	101 (65.6)^§	16 (53.3)	10 (33.3)^§	<0.001

Unless noted otherwise, data are shown as median (interquartile range), or number (%). , group A versus group C; , group A versus group B; , group B versus group C; Absolute value of adjusted residual > 1.96. Insulin secretagogues include sulfonylureas, glinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Others include biguanides, thiazolidines, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors. T2D, type 2 diabetes; SPT1D, slowly progressive type 1 diabetes; GADA, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; BMI, body mass index; RIA, radioimmunoassay; AITD, autoimmune thyroid disease; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.