Interactions between and Shared Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Table 1

Summary of shared molecular mechanisms in DPN and OSA.

Molecular mechanisms	Subcategories	Reference for DPN	Reference for OSA
Oxidative stress		[76–80]	[71, 81–84, 93, 94]
Inflammatory markers	TNF-α	[101, 103]	[108–110, 113, 114]
	IL-6	[102]	[109–113]
	IL-8		[108]
	CRP	[103]	[111–113]
	NF-κB	[104]	[85]
Endothelin-1 (ET-1)		[119]	[120–122, 126]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)		[128]	[129, 130]
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)		[138–142]	[146, 214, 215]
Protein kinase C (PKC)		[148]	[152]
Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)		[153, 154]	[7, 8, 155–157]
Nitrosative stress	Nitrotyrosine	[162, 163]	[7]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)		[103]	[167–170]
Vitamin D deficiency		[176–179, 181–183, 185]	[187–192, 194–197]

DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea.