Diabetic Enteropathy: From Molecule to Mechanism-Based Treatment

Table 1

Accumulation of upstream glycolytic intermediates and their consequences.

Glycolytic intermediate	Alternative pathway	Consequence
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate	(1) De novo synthesis of DAG	DAG activates protein kinase C resulting in altered intracellular phosphorylation levels
	(2) Glycosylation pathways	Glycation of various intra- and extracellular proteins and lipids
Fructose-6-phosphate	(3) Hexosamine pathway
Glucose	(4) Polyol pathway	Leads to depletion of intracellular NADPH

leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). renders the neuron susceptible to oxidation.