Research Article

Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Effect of Disease and Psychosocial-Related Correlates on Health-Related Quality of Life

Table 2

Hierarchical regression analysis to evaluate patterns of health perception, mental health, and PAID on HRQOL.

CharacteristicsHealth perception1 (β2)Mental health1 (β2)PAID3 (β2)
MenWomenMenWomenMenWomen

Age−0.15−0.13−0.05−0.030.050.09
Marital status−0.08−0.050.030.080.020.07
Education0.07Δ2 = 0.130.09 Δ2 = 0.110.09 Δ2 = 0.100.09 Δ2 = 0.0100.10 Δ2 = 0.090.15 Δ2 = 0.12
Occupation0.0310.054−0.02−0.090.120.06
Diabetes exposure−0.020.18−0.12−0.19−0.09−0.08
Glycemic control (HbA1c)−0.04−0.0110.070.11−0.21−0.35
Comorbidities−0.21−0.26−0.13−0.21−0.020.09
Physical functioning0.38 Δ2 = 0.240.41 Δ2 = 0.35−0.12 Δ2 = 0.11−0.25 Δ2 = 0.230.24 Δ2 = 0.190.29 Δ2 = 0.25
Self-care behaviors
 Diet management−0.09 Δ2 = 0.01−0.13 Δ2 = 0.09−0.03 Δ2 = 0.00−0.11 Δ2 = 0.09
 Self-monitoring blood glucose0.130.170.02−0.05
Social support
 Availability−0.03−0.06−0.03−0.17−0.11−0.19
 Adequacy0.14 Δ2 = 0.100.19 Δ2 = 0.17−0.28 Δ2 = 0.25−0.31 Δ2 = 0.290.21 Δ2 = 0.200.29 Δ2 = 0.26
Diabetes-related psychosocial factors
 Self-efficacy0.240.390.160.24−0.19−0.31
 Diabetes social support0.140.170.110.35−0.12−0.23
 DLC (others)−0.09−0.13
 Severity−0.03 Δ2 = 0.02−0.09 Δ2 = 0.10
2/2 adjusted0.56/0.540.68/0.670.41/0.390.57/0.550.44/0.410.61/0.63

1Higher score indicates good health-related quality of life, 2Standardized coefficient, —Not entered in the stepwise procedure, 3Higher score indicates emotion distress. , , .