Higher Concentrations of BCAAs and 3-HIB Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
NMR metabolites at follow-up 6 years after GDM pregnancy.
%
NGT
IGT
T2DM
(BMI adjusted)
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
IGT versus NGT
T2D versus NGT
T2D versus IGT
IGT versus NGT
T2D versus NGT
T2D versus IGT
Phenylalanine
100.0
45.4
121.8
43.8
117.1
49.1
0.02
Tyrosine
100.0
25.1
109.6
26.9
111.6
26.7
0.03
Glucose
100.0
20.7
112.1
18.1
159.5
79.6
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Mannose
100.0
25.9
113.4
26.2
144.3
59.5
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Glycerol
100.0
43.1
127.5
48.6
140.7
71.1
0.006
<0.001
0.007
<0.001
Glycine
100.0
27.0
88.1
19.1
89.6
25.6
0.02
0.05
0.04
Citrate
100.0
31.0
111.5
23.9
117.3
25.7
0.002
0.002
Pyruvate
100.0
80.6
141.3
78.2
119.4
73.7
0.008
0.01
Acetoacetate
100.0
105.8
115.7
103.9
253.1
348.8
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
0.001
3-HIB
100.0
54.7
128.2
52.7
131.5
75.5
0.02
0.006
0.005
0.002
Valine
100.0
19.2
108.2
15.1
109.5
21.6
0.04
0.01
0.05
Isoleucine
100.0
22.1
109.0
19.0
115.7
28.5
<0.001
0.001
Leucine
100.0
18.2
111.2
13.6
113.4
22.7
0.002
<0.001
0.01
0.001
Metabolites significantly different between groups are shown. Data is expressed as % of NGT. Statistics are performed using ANOVA () and ANCOVA (BMI-adjusted ). for NGT, for IGT, and for T2DM.
