The U-Shaped Association between Bilirubin and Diabetic Retinopathy Risk: A Five-Year Cohort Based on 5323 Male Diabetic Patients

Table 1

General characteristics of participants according to DR incidence.

Characteristics	NDR ()	DR ()		Total ()
Mean ± SD
Age (yrs)	78.68 ± 8.41	78.95 ± 7.80	0.623	78.68 ± 8.39
Duration (yrs)	17.14 ± 7.51	19.81 ± 7.40	0.042	17.25 ± 7.49
Height (cm)	169.64 ± 5.41	169.22 ± 5.18	0.235	169.62 ± 5.40
Weight (kg)	72.61 ± 8.53	72.66 ± 8.51	0.927	72.61 ± 8.53
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.24 ± 2.79	25.38 ± 2.80	0.446	25.24 ± 2.79
SBP (mmHg)	133.28 ± 14.04	133.77 ± 13.64	0.593	133.30 ± 14.02
DBP (mmHg)	73.88 ± 9.46	72.68 ± 8.97	0.052	73.82 ± 9.44
Hb (g/L)	132.11 ± 15.44	131.16 ± 20.37	0.848	132.07 ± 17.83
TC (mmol/l)	4.75 ± 1.05	4.68 ± 1.00	0.307	4.75 ± 1.05
TG (mmol/l)	1.68 ± 1.08	1.59 ± 1.00	0.196	1.67 ± 1.07
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.33 ± 0.44	1.23 ± 0.32	<0.001	1.33 ± 0.44
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.67 ± 0.83	2.74 ± 0.83	0.186	2.67 ± 0.83
FPG (mmol/l)	6.93 ± 1.89	6.95 ± 1.92	0.046	6.94 ± 1.90
2hPG (mmol/l)	9.24 ± 2.83	9.96 ± 2.35	<0.001	9.27 ± 2.86
ALT (U/L)	20.81 ± 4.59	19.91 ± 4.99	0.041	20.76 ± 4.68
Baseline TBiL (μmol/L)	13.11 ± 1.32	12.51 ± 1.20	0.033	13.08 ± 1.32
%
Education			0.105
≤6 yrs	65.1	65.3		65.4
≥7 yrs	34.9	34.7		34.6
Marriage status			0.077
Divorced/widowed	16.5	12.3		12.7
Married	87.5	83.7		87.3
Current smoking			0.186
Yes	21.7	18.6		21.5
No	78.3	81.4		78.5
Current alcohol drinking			0.854
Yes	19.7	19.5		18.7
No	80.3	80.5		80.3
Overweight/obesity			0.640
Yes	68.4	69.8		68.4
No	31.6	30.2		31.6
Hypertension			0.171
Yes	62.2	66.5		62.4
No	37.8	33.5		37.6
Dyslipidemia			0.101
Yes	34.8	35.3		35.8
No	65.2	64.7		64.2
Control of diabetes			0.907
Yes	50.7	50.5		50.8
No	49.3	49.5		49.2

Data are mean ± SD for continuous values or % for category values.