Inflammatory Markers in Older Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes and the Effects of Weight Loss

Table 2

Effects of the interventions on body composition, glucose metabolism, and inflammation.

	NGT/IGT/T2DM ()		NGT ()		IGT/T2DM ()
	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
Age (yr)	52 ± 2		50 ± 2		52 ± 2
Weight (kg)	85.4 ± 2.4	79.2 ± 2.6^d	85.9 ± 4.4	79.6 ± 3.7^b	85.1 ± 3.0	78.9 ± 3.6^d
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	32.0 ± 0.7	29.9 ± 0.9^d	32.2 ± 1.5	29.9 ± 1.4^b	31.9 ± 0.9	29.9 ± 1.2^b
Percent body fat	45.6 ± 1.1	42.2 ± 1.5^d	46.1 ± 1.7	42.2 ± 2.1^c	45.4 ± 1.4	42.1 ± 2.1^b
Fat mass (kg)	38.7 ± 1.8	33.9 ± 2.1^d	39.5 ± 2.7	33.6 ± 2.8^c	38.3 ± 2.5	34.0 ± 3.0^c
Fat-free mass (kg)	46.8 ± 1.8	44.9 ± 1.1	45.9 ± 2.2	45.4 ± 1.9	47.3 ± 2.6	44.7 ± 1.3
VO2max (L/min)	1.80 ± 0.07	1.92 ± 0.07^c	1.92 ± 0.09	1.91 ± 0.09	1.72 ± 0.09	1.92 ± 0.09^c
Waist circumference (cm)	93.4 ± 1.9	88.1 ± 2.1^d	92.8 ± 4.4	88.6 ± 4.1^b	93.7 ± 1.6	87.8 ± 2.5^c
Hip circumference (cm)	112.2 ± 1.5	105.7 ± 1.6^d	114.8 ± 2.3	106.8 ± 1.8 ^a	110.5 ± 1.9	104.9 ± 2.5^c
Visceral fat (cm^2)	137.5 ± 11.6	110.0 ± 10.1^d	150.2 ± 22.9	121.8 ± 20.1^a	127.7 ± 10.9	100.9 ± 8.9^c
Subcutaneous abdominal fat (cm^2)	472.8 ± 28.5	414.5 ± 31.2^d	457.3 ± 38.2	399.1 ± 40.4^a	484.9 ± 42.6	426.5 ± 47.4^c
Sagittal diameter (cm)	25.9 ± 0.7	24.8 ± 0.7^d	25.3 ± 1.1	23.7 ± 1.0^a	26.3 ± 0.9	24.6 ± 1.0^c
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.9 ± 0.3	5.6 ± 0.2^a	5.2 ± 0.1	5.1 ± 0.2	6.3 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.3 ^a
Glucose at 120 min (mmol/L)	9.4 ± 0.7	7.9 ± 0.6^b	6.2 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.5	11.1 ± 0.6	9.0 ± 0.6 ^a
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	93 ± 11	68 ± 8^c	76 ± 13	68 ± 11	107 ± 15	67 ± 11^c
GAUC (mmol/L/120 min)	1092 ± 58	941 ± 46^d	862 ± 25	779 ± 51	1231 ± 57	1037 ± 45^d
IAUC (pmol/L/120 min)	56,289 ± 6558	38,821 ± 4868^c	55,700 ± 9209	45,816 ± 8108^a	56,794 ± 9954	32,825 ± 5300^a
Glucose utilization (μmol/kg/min)	23.9 ± 3.3	28.9 ± 3.3^a	32.0 ± 4.6	37.5 ± 3.9^a	17.1 ± 2.9	21.4 ± 3.2
Glucose utilization (μmol/kgFFM/min)	43.3 ± 5.9	49.9 ± 5.5	57.9 ± 7.2	64.8 ± 6.2	30.8 ± 5.9	37.1 ± 5.2
CRP (μg/mL)	7.24 ± 1.11	7.10 ± 1.18	4.87 ± 1.26	4.40 ± 1.25	9.08 ± 1.49	9.10 ± 1.60
TNFα (pg/mL)	2.13 ± 0.85	2.08 ± 0.51	2.93 ± 1.92	1.91 ± 0.98	1.51 ± 0.36	2.21 ± 0.54
TNFR1 (μg/mL)	772.9 ± 45.1	724.3 ± 42.5	808.9 ± 84.7	675.6 ± 73.5	744.9 ± 48.5	762.1 ± 49.7
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.25 ± 0.31	2.09 ± 0.24	2.08 ± 0.30	2.01 ± 0.42	2.38 ± 0.52	2.15 ± 0.29
IL-6sR (pg/mL)	26,301 ± 2144	27,521 ± 2169	32,994 ± 3406	31,612 ± 4044	21,839 ± 1533	24,793 ± 2142
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	12.6 ± 2.4	12.8 ± 2.6	19.6 ± 3.8	20.1 ± 5.0	8.34 ± 2.2	8.42 ± 2.1
Leptin (pmol/L)	26.0 ± 2.3	19.9 ± 2.1^b	23.7 ± 4.0	20.3 ± 3.5	27.8 ± 2.6	19.7 ± 2.7^d
SAA (μg/mL)	55.4 ± 21.2	29.5 ± 4.6	43.1 ± 9.6	28.4 ± 7.9	64.7 ± 37.1	30.3 ± 5.9

Values are mean (SEM). Significantly different before and after the intervention: , , , and . VO₂max: maximum oxygen uptake; G_AUC: glucose area under the curve; I_AUC: insulin area under the curve.