Predictors of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Onset and Progression in a Cohort of Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Table 3

Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 1 diabetic patients without CAN at inclusion who remained stable (no CAN) or developed autonomic dysfunction (CAN) for over a mean period of 3 years.

	No CAN ()	CAN ()	value	No CAN () and not No CAN ()
Age (years)	52.12 ± 1.56	56.33 ± 3.56	0.23
Males	27 (63%)	6 (50%)	0.42
Diabetes duration (years)	25.47 ± 1.83	22.17 ± 2.66	0.38
≤20	19 (44%)	6 (50%)	0.09
21–30	8 (19%)	5 (42%)
>30	16 (37%)	1 (8%)
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.74 ± 0.67	24.27 ± 0.71	0.69
≤22.94	12 (28%)	4 (33%)	0.87
22.94–25.68	17 (40%)	5 (42%)
>25.68	14 (33%)	3 (25%)
HbA1c (%)	8.07 ± 0.18	7.57 ± 0.37	0.21
≤7.4	14 (33%)	6 (50%)	0.53
7.5–8.2	14 (33%)	3 (25%)
>8.2	15 (35%)	3 (25%)
DPN	16 (37%)	5 (42%)	0.79
Nephropathy			0.13
0	32 (74%)	11 (92%)
1	10 (23%)	0 (0%)
2	1 (2%)	1 (8%)
Retinopathy			0.89
0	19 (44%)	6 (50%)
1	6 (14%)	2 (17%)
2	6 (14%)	2 (17%)
3	12 (28%)	2 (17%)
Microalbuminuria (mg/24 h)	44.71 ± 27.74	7.76 ± 1.32	0.48
≤7.0	17 (40%)	8 (67%)	0.25
7.1–14.6	12 (28%)	2 (17%)
>14.7	14 (33%)	2 (17%)
Clearance (ml/min)	85.31 ± 2.32	81.1 ± 4.68	0.4
≤73.87	9 (21%)	5 (42%)	0.34
73.87–88.49	15 (35%)	3 (25%)
>88.49	19 (44%)	4 (33%)
Hypertension	17 (40%)	6 (50%)	0.48
Tobacco smoking	10 (23%)	4 (33%)	0.5
Dyslipidemia	16 (37%)	3 (25%)	0.43
CSII			0.6
0	16 (37%)	6 (50%)
1	19 (44%)	5 (42%)
2	8 (19%)	1 (8%)
HMG-CoA inhibitors	9 (21%)	1 (8%)	0.31
CEI/AT1 antagonists	19 (44%)	7 (58%)	0.38
Antiaggregants	7 (16%)	0 (0%)	0.13
Diuretics	1 (2%)	2 (17%)	0.053
Calcium inhibitors	4 (9%)	0 (0%)	0.27
SSRIs	4 (9%)	0 (0%)	0.27

DPN: distal peripheral neuropathy; CV: cardiovascular; CSII: continuous subcutaneous and intraperitoneal insulin infusion; NC: not calculated. Data were analyzed according to Statistical Analysis.