Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Eastern and Southeastern Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval of gestational diabetes according to the income group, screening type, and country.

	Studies	Subjects	Prevalence	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	I^2	Pheterogeneity
Income level
High
JSOG	2	3877	2.80	2.31	3.39	0.00%	0.411
NDDG	4	35,400	4.21	2.15	8.26	99.30%	<0.001
ICD10	1	1,306,281	7.53	7.51	7.56	—	—
ADA 2007/CC	9	1,880,183	7.38	6.03	9.03	98.90%	<0.001
WHO 1999–2006	2	2272	15.37	13.89	17.02	—	—
ADA 2012/IADPSG/WHO 2013	6	16,237	7.48	4.74	11.80	98.60%	<0.001
Subtotal	24	3,244,250	6.66	4.40	10.09	98.30%	<0.001
Lower- or upper-middle
NDDG	8	79,487	5.83	4.31	7.90	99.10%	<0.001
ADA 2004/ADA 2010	4	28,342	6.59	4.40	9.86	98.50%	<0.001
ADA 2007/CC	4	21,259	11.85	4.94	28.42	99.80%	<0.001
WHO 1999–2006	8	183,545	8.57	5.23	14.06	99.90%	<0.001
ADA 2012/IADPSG/WHO 2013	14	113,656	17.56	15.07	20.47	99.20%	<0.001
ADIPS98	1	2772	20.82	19.34	22.40	—	—
Subtotal	39	429,061	10.84	7.35	15.99	94.40%	<0.001
Type of screening
One step	13	95,638	15.71	13.88	17.77	98.90%	<0.001
Two-step	32	338,825	7.15	5.63	9.08	99.70%	<0.001
Unspecified	3	3,132,329	7.83	7.39	8.29	99.70%	<0.001
Country
Mainland China	21	282,086	11.91	8.96	15.83	99.90%	<0.001
Japan	5	12,596	6.08	3.49	10.62	98.70%	<0.001
Korea	8	3,180,515	7.12	6.74	7.53	99.60%	<0.001
Malaysia	1	1538	11.83	10.30	13.60	—	—
Singapore	1	1136	18.93	16.74	21.40	—	—
Taiwan	5	30,944	6.51	4.45	9.54	99.0%	<0.001
Thailand	6	55,205	6.10	4.39	8.48	98.8%	<0.001
Vietnam	1	2772	20.06	19.28	20.87	—	—
All	48	3,566,792	10.07	6.47	15.68	99.3%	<0.001

—: not applicable; ADA: American Diabetes Association; ADIPS: Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society; CC: Carpenter-Coustan; IADPSG: International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; JSOG: Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology; NDDG: National Diabetes Data Group; WHO: World Health Organization.