Research Article
Maternal Nutrition during Early Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Status of Neonates at Birth
Table 4
Baseline biochemical and micronutrients of neonates (cord blood sample).
| Variables | Overall | Low birth weight (weight < 2.5 kg) | Normal birth weight (weight ≥ 2.5 kg) |
| n | 121 | 18 | 103 | Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 75.27 ± 36.96 | 71.5 ± 23.38 | 75.8 ± 38.58 | Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 81.36 ± 52.93 | 57.4 ± 13.96 | 84.59 ± 55.43 | Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 61.81 ± 70.71 | 56.4 ± 58.68 | 62.54 ± 72.5 | HDL (mg/dl) | 24.9 ± 10.19 | 19.1 ± 6.72 | 25.69 ± 10.36 | LDL (mg/dl) | 42.81 ± 35.3 | 28.4 ± 10.15 | 44.76 ± 37.03 | Serum insulin (μIU/L) | 26.26 ± 64.11 | 5.62 ± 7.74 | 29.05 ± 67.82 | HOMA-IR | 3.03 ± 7.11 | 1.31 ± 2.27 | 3.27 ± 7.53 | Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 8.38 ± 14.61 | 4.11 ± 3.04 | 9.02 ± 15.54 | Surplus (≥15 μmol/L) | 6 (50.6%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (49.3%) | Serum renin (pg/ml) | 177.89 ± 150.79 | 133.46 ± 90.62 | 183.97 ± 156.71 | Deficiency (<83.35 pg/ml) | 22 (26.5%) | 3 (30.0%) | 19 (26.0%) | Serum leptin (ng/ml) | 11.75 ± 11.27 | 9.48 ± 13.18 | 12.08 ± 11.04 | Deficiency (<4.8 ng/ml) | 19 (23.8%) | 6 (60.0%) | 13 (18.6%) | Vitamin B12 (pg/ml) | 235.54 ± 207.63 | 192.6 ± 143.51 | 241.42 ± 215.01 | Deficiency (<190 pg/ml) | 62 (74.7%) | 9 (90.0%) | 53 (72.6%) | Serum feritin (ng/ml) | 194.01 ± 224.16 | 156.36 ± 135.46 | 199.09 ± 233.77 | Deficiency (<11 ng/ml) | 4 (4.8%) | 2 (20.0%) | 2 (2.7%) | Serum folate (ng/ml) | 17.23 ± 7.58 | 15.51 ± 7.04 | 17.47 ± 7.67 | Deficiency (<2 ng/ml) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | Vitamin D (ng/ml) | 18.91 ± 14.33 | 19.12 ± 11.99 | 18.88 ± 14.69 | Deficiency (<30 ng/ml) | 65 (77.4%) | 7 (70.0%) | 58 (78.4%) | RBC folate (ng/ml) | 424.26 ± 358.15 | 343.91 ± 467.89 | 436.95 ± 343.92 | Deficiency (<140 ng/ml) | 11 (25%) | 3 (50%) | 8 (21.1%) | Glucose-to-insulin ratio | 37.21 ± 60.56 | 33.91 ± 45.17 | 37.67 ± 62.67 |
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Data presented as the mean ± SD. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Glucose unit (mg/dl) and insulin unit ( μIU/L). |