Research Article

Maternal Nutrition during Early Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Status of Neonates at Birth

Table 4

Baseline biochemical and micronutrients of neonates (cord blood sample).

VariablesOverallLow birth weight
(weight < 2.5 kg)
Normal birth weight
(weight ≥ 2.5 kg)

n12118103
Serum glucose (mg/dl)75.27 ± 36.9671.5 ± 23.3875.8 ± 38.58
Cholesterol (mg/dl)81.36 ± 52.9357.4 ± 13.9684.59 ± 55.43
Triglycerides (mg/dl)61.81 ± 70.7156.4 ± 58.6862.54 ± 72.5
HDL (mg/dl)24.9 ± 10.1919.1 ± 6.7225.69 ± 10.36
LDL (mg/dl)42.81 ± 35.328.4 ± 10.1544.76 ± 37.03
Serum insulin (μIU/L)26.26 ± 64.115.62 ± 7.7429.05 ± 67.82
HOMA-IR3.03 ± 7.111.31 ± 2.273.27 ± 7.53
Homocysteine (μmol/L)8.38 ± 14.614.11 ± 3.049.02 ± 15.54
 Surplus (≥15 μmol/L)6 (50.6%)0 (0%)6 (49.3%)
Serum renin (pg/ml)177.89 ± 150.79133.46 ± 90.62183.97 ± 156.71
 Deficiency (<83.35 pg/ml)22 (26.5%)3 (30.0%)19 (26.0%)
Serum leptin (ng/ml)11.75 ± 11.279.48 ± 13.1812.08 ± 11.04
 Deficiency (<4.8 ng/ml)19 (23.8%)6 (60.0%)13 (18.6%)
Vitamin B12 (pg/ml)235.54 ± 207.63192.6 ± 143.51241.42 ± 215.01
 Deficiency (<190 pg/ml)62 (74.7%)9 (90.0%)53 (72.6%)
Serum feritin (ng/ml)194.01 ± 224.16156.36 ± 135.46199.09 ± 233.77
 Deficiency (<11 ng/ml)4 (4.8%)2 (20.0%)2 (2.7%)
Serum folate (ng/ml)17.23 ± 7.5815.51 ± 7.0417.47 ± 7.67
 Deficiency (<2 ng/ml)0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)
Vitamin D (ng/ml)18.91 ± 14.3319.12 ± 11.9918.88 ± 14.69
 Deficiency (<30 ng/ml)65 (77.4%)7 (70.0%)58 (78.4%)
RBC folate (ng/ml)424.26 ± 358.15343.91 ± 467.89436.95 ± 343.92
 Deficiency (<140 ng/ml)11 (25%)3 (50%)8 (21.1%)
Glucose-to-insulin ratio37.21 ± 60.5633.91 ± 45.1737.67 ± 62.67

Data presented as the mean ± SD. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Glucose unit (mg/dl) and insulin unit (μIU/L).