Research Article

Risk Factors for Microvascular Complications of Diabetes in a High-Risk Middle East Population

Table 1

Participant characteristics.

AllNumber of complications
PatientsNone1≥2 value
(%) (%) (%) (%)

All1034 (100)534 (100)318 (100)182 (100)
Age (mean, SD), years55 ± 1053 ± 1157 ± 1059 ± 9<0.0001
Sex
 Males798 (77.2)442 (82.8)228 (71.7)128 (70.3)
 Females236 (22.8)92 (17.2)90 (28.3)54 (29.7)<0.0001
Nationality
 Qatari419 (40.5)202 (37.8)127 (39.9)90 (49.5)
 Non-Qatari615 (59.5)332 (62.2)191 (60.1)92 (50.5)0.01
Education
 ≤High school538 (52.0)250 (46.8)170 (53.5)118 (64.8)
 >High school496 (48.0)284 (53.2)148 (46.5)64 (35.2)<0.0001
Household monthly income
 <$2750257 (33.3)140 (32.7)74 (32.3)43 (37.1)
 $2750–5500235 (30.4)126 (29.4)72 (31.4)37 (31.9)
 ≥$5500281 (36.3)162 (37.9)83 (36.2)36 (31.0)0.26
Family history of diabetes
 No348 (35.1)211 (40.5)100 (33.8)37 (21.3)
 Yes643 (64.9)310 (59.5)196 (66.2)137 (78.7)<0.0001
Duration of diabetes
 Less than 10 years453 (43.8)330 (61.8)102 (32.1)21 (11.5)
 10 or more years581 (56.2)204 (38.2)216 (67.9)161 (88.5)<0.0001
 Age at onset of diabetes, years43 ± 1144 ± 1043 ± 1139 ± 11<0.0001
 HbA1c, percent8.3 ± 1.88.0 ± 1.88.4 ± 1.79.0 ± 1.9<0.0001
Treatment for diabetes
 Drug549 (53.6)338 (64.1)162 (51.3)49 (26.9)
 Insulin436 (42.5)161 (30.6)145 (45.9)130 (71.4)
 Other40 (3.9)28 (5.3)9 (2.9)3 (1.7)<0.0001
BMI, kg/m230.8 ± 6.530.1 ± 6.431.1 ± 6.432.1 ± 6.90.001
 Normal weight163 (17.5)94 (19.8)45 (15.6)24 (14.5)
 Overweight320 (34.5)177 (37.3)92 (31.9)51 (30.7)
 Obese446 (48.0)204 (42.9)151 (52.4)91 (54.8)0.005
Smoking status
 Never smoked regularly665 (64.3)335 (62.7)202 (63.5)128 (70.3)
 Ever smoke regularly369 (35.7)199 (37.3)116 (36.5)54 (29.7)0.10
LDL, mmol/L2.5 ± 0.92.6 ± 0.92.4 ± 0.92.4 ± 1.00.02
Cholesterol, mmol/L4.4 ± 1.14.5 ± 1.14.3 ± 1.14.2 ± 1.30.05
Creatinine, μmol/L93 ± 5283 ± 3494 ± 49120 ± 80<0.0001
 ≤106 μmol/L819 (80.5)475 (91.4)241 (76.5)103 (56.6)
 >106 μmol/L198 (19.5)45 (8.6)74 (23.5)79 (43.4)<0.0001
History of hypertension
 No361 (34.9)236 (44.2)89 (28.0)36 (19.8)
 Yes673 (65.1)298 (55.8)229 (72.0)146 (80.2)<0.0001
Systolic BP, mmHg138 ± 18136 ± 17140 ± 19143 ± 19<0.0001
Diastolic BP, mmHg76 ± 1177 ± 1077 ± 1274 ± 100.01

Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy following the diagnosis of diabetes. value using the Mantel-Haenszel test for trend for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables. SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BP: blood pressure.