Risk Factors for Microvascular Complications of Diabetes in a High-Risk Middle East Population
Table 1
Participant characteristics.
All
Number of complications
Patients
None
1
≥2
value
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
All
1034 (100)
534 (100)
318 (100)
182 (100)
Age (mean, SD), years
55 ± 10
53 ± 11
57 ± 10
59 ± 9
<0.0001
Sex
Males
798 (77.2)
442 (82.8)
228 (71.7)
128 (70.3)
Females
236 (22.8)
92 (17.2)
90 (28.3)
54 (29.7)
<0.0001
Nationality
Qatari
419 (40.5)
202 (37.8)
127 (39.9)
90 (49.5)
Non-Qatari
615 (59.5)
332 (62.2)
191 (60.1)
92 (50.5)
0.01
Education
≤High school
538 (52.0)
250 (46.8)
170 (53.5)
118 (64.8)
>High school
496 (48.0)
284 (53.2)
148 (46.5)
64 (35.2)
<0.0001
Household monthly income
<$2750
257 (33.3)
140 (32.7)
74 (32.3)
43 (37.1)
$2750–5500
235 (30.4)
126 (29.4)
72 (31.4)
37 (31.9)
≥$5500
281 (36.3)
162 (37.9)
83 (36.2)
36 (31.0)
0.26
Family history of diabetes
No
348 (35.1)
211 (40.5)
100 (33.8)
37 (21.3)
Yes
643 (64.9)
310 (59.5)
196 (66.2)
137 (78.7)
<0.0001
Duration of diabetes
Less than 10 years
453 (43.8)
330 (61.8)
102 (32.1)
21 (11.5)
10 or more years
581 (56.2)
204 (38.2)
216 (67.9)
161 (88.5)
<0.0001
Age at onset of diabetes, years
43 ± 11
44 ± 10
43 ± 11
39 ± 11
<0.0001
HbA1c, percent
8.3 ± 1.8
8.0 ± 1.8
8.4 ± 1.7
9.0 ± 1.9
<0.0001
Treatment for diabetes
Drug
549 (53.6)
338 (64.1)
162 (51.3)
49 (26.9)
Insulin
436 (42.5)
161 (30.6)
145 (45.9)
130 (71.4)
Other
40 (3.9)
28 (5.3)
9 (2.9)
3 (1.7)
<0.0001
BMI, kg/m2
30.8 ± 6.5
30.1 ± 6.4
31.1 ± 6.4
32.1 ± 6.9
0.001
Normal weight
163 (17.5)
94 (19.8)
45 (15.6)
24 (14.5)
Overweight
320 (34.5)
177 (37.3)
92 (31.9)
51 (30.7)
Obese
446 (48.0)
204 (42.9)
151 (52.4)
91 (54.8)
0.005
Smoking status
Never smoked regularly
665 (64.3)
335 (62.7)
202 (63.5)
128 (70.3)
Ever smoke regularly
369 (35.7)
199 (37.3)
116 (36.5)
54 (29.7)
0.10
LDL, mmol/L
2.5 ± 0.9
2.6 ± 0.9
2.4 ± 0.9
2.4 ± 1.0
0.02
Cholesterol, mmol/L
4.4 ± 1.1
4.5 ± 1.1
4.3 ± 1.1
4.2 ± 1.3
0.05
Creatinine, μmol/L
93 ± 52
83 ± 34
94 ± 49
120 ± 80
<0.0001
≤106 μmol/L
819 (80.5)
475 (91.4)
241 (76.5)
103 (56.6)
>106 μmol/L
198 (19.5)
45 (8.6)
74 (23.5)
79 (43.4)
<0.0001
History of hypertension
No
361 (34.9)
236 (44.2)
89 (28.0)
36 (19.8)
Yes
673 (65.1)
298 (55.8)
229 (72.0)
146 (80.2)
<0.0001
Systolic BP, mmHg
138 ± 18
136 ± 17
140 ± 19
143 ± 19
<0.0001
Diastolic BP, mmHg
76 ± 11
77 ± 10
77 ± 12
74 ± 10
0.01
Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy following the diagnosis of diabetes. value using the Mantel-Haenszel test for trend for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables. SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BP: blood pressure.