Risk Factors for Microvascular Complications of Diabetes in a High-Risk Middle East Population
Table 3
Multivariable analysis of factors associated with microvascular complications.
Variable
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
Age (per 10 years)
1.19 (1.00–1.43)
0.05
0.87 (0.69–1.11)
0.27
1.18 (1.00–1.39)
0.06
Gender (female versus male)
1.34 (0.92–1.95)
0.13
0.95 (0.53–1.70)
0.85
2.07 (1.44–2.97)
<0.0001
Duration of DM ≥ 10 years
3.83 (2.56–5.72)
<0.0001
1.48 (0.87–2.49)
0.15
2.77 (1.92–3.99)
<0.0001
Education (>high school)
0.79 (0.57–1.10)
0.16
0.61 (0.38–0.96)
0.03
—
Family history of DM (yes versus no)
—
—
1.63 (1.15–2.30)
0.006
HbA1c level (per % increase)
1.14 (1.04–1.25)
0.006
1.15 (1.00–1.33)
0.05
1.12 (1.02–1.23)
0.01
DM treatment (insulin versus drug)
1.61 (1.14–2.26)
0.006
2.05 (1.25–3.39)
0.005
1.26 (0.90–1.75)
0.18
Body mass index (per 5 kg/m2)
—
—
1.29 (1.14–1.47)
<0.0001
LDL (per mmol/L increase)
—
0.82 (0.64–1.05)
0.11
—
Creatinine (>106 versus ≤106 μmol/L)
1.63 (1.11–2.41)
0.01
23.9 (14.7–38.8)
<0.0001
1.36 (0.93–1.99)
0.12
Hypertension or high BP
1.87 (1.29–2.71)1
0.001
2.03 (1.15–3.59)1
0.01
1.31 (0.97–1.78)2
0.08
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) obtained from multivariable logistic regression model with all displayed variables fitted simultaneously. Foot ulcer and amputation. 1History of hypertension, undergoing treatment. 2Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 at time of survey
