Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Cigarette Smoking Is Negatively Associated with the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Men with Normal Weight but Positively Associated with Stroke in Men

Table 1

Characteristics of the population according to the status of glucose metabolism ().
VariablesNGT (A)
Prediabetes (B)
T2DM (C)
 overall-B vs. A-C vs. A
Age (years)<0.001<0.001<0.001
Sex, male/female ()1396/3003637/1227741/1192<0.0010.177<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)<0.001<0.001<0.001
WC (cm)<0.001<0.001<0.001
WHR<0.001<0.001<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)<0.001<0.001<0.001
2hPG (mmol/L)<0.001<0.001<0.001
HbA1c (%)<0.001<0.001<0.001
TG (mmol/L)1.09 (0.82-1.54)1.32 (0.96-1.85)1.36 (0.98-2.00)<0.001<0.001<0.001
TC (mmol/L)<0.001<0.0010.032
LDL-C (mmol/L)0.082——
HDL-C (mmol/L)<0.001<0.001<0.001
FINS (μU/mL)5.50 (4.10-7.50)6.40 (4.60-8.70)6.90 (4.70-10.10)<0.001<0.001<0.001
HOMA-IR1.26 (0.92-1.75)1.60 (1.12-2.22)2.15 (1.39-3.35)<0.001<0.001<0.001
HOMA-β57.02 (49.41-92.06)51.26 (43.63-86.06)43.52 (27.02-69.69)<0.001<0.001<0.001
SBP (mmHg)<0.001<0.001<0.001
DBP (mmHg)<0.001<0.0010.080
Educational level      
 Low (%)3216 (73.1%)1328 (71.2%)1291 (66.8%)———
 Medium (%)960 (21.8%)389 (20.9%)439 (22.7%)———
 High (%)223 (5.1%)147 (7.9%)203 (10.5%)———
Current drinker (%)1101 (25.0%)487 (26.1%)469 (24.3%)0.411——
Physical activity (%)636 (14.5%)315 (16.8%)388 (20.1%)<0.0010.042<0.001
Family history of DM (%)477 (10.8%)236 (12.7%)352 (18.2%)<0.0010.114<0.001
Smoking status      
 Never-smoker (%)3443 (78.3%)1495 (80.2%)1524 (78.8%)———
 Exsmoker (%)124 (2.8%)74 (4.0%)94 (4.9%)———
 Current smoker (%)832 (18.9%)295 (15.8%)315 (16.3%)———
Nonfatal stroke (%)65 (1.5%)41 (2.2%)82 (4.2%)<0.0010.129<0.001
Data are , (%), and median (25th and 75th percentiles). The values were corrected with the Bonferroni correction by multiple comparison between each status of glucose metabolism and were statistically significant at (two-sided). The values considered statistically significant were shown in bold.