The Efficacy and Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Diabetic Kidney Disease

Table 2

Studies on the regulatory mechanism of CHM in the treatment of DKD.

CHM	Targets	Mechanisms	Ref.	Publication year	Study type
DHI	IRS1, FGF21, and PPARγ	Increasing insulin sensitivity	Liu et al. [29]	2015	Experiment study
Zhenqing recipe	SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS	Regulating lipid deposition	Wen et al. [34]	2012	Experiment study
SYFSF	TNF-α/NF-κBp65 signaling pathway	Anti-inflammation and ECM accumulation	Lv et al. [44]	2017	Experiment study
MC	RAGE and IL-6, MCP-1, TGF-β1, ICAM-1	Anti-inflammation	Zhang et al. [47]	2014	Experiment study
P. suffruticosa	CAT and GSH-Px; IL-6 and MCP-1	Antioxidative stress and inflammation	Zhang et al. [52]	2013	Experiment study
TWH	OCP, DMA, SOD	Antioxidative stress	Dong et al. [54]	2017	Experiment study
Puerarin	NOX4, SIRT1, deacetylation of NF-κB	Antioxidative stress	Li et al. [59]	2017	Experiment study
Icariin	Collagen IV, TGF-β1; MDA, SOD, Hyp	Antifibrosis and oxidative stress	Qia et al. [67]	2011	Experiment study
Xiexin decoction	NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways	Anti-inflammation and fibrosis	Wu et al. [69]	2015	Experiment study
Zicao	PAI-1, CTGF, collagen III and IV; IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1	Antifibrosis and inflammation	Li et al. [72]	2018	Experiment study
Qiwei granules	Nephrin, CD2AP, integrin α3β1; AKT, caspase-3	Protection of podocyte slit diaphragm	Zhou et al. [78]	2015	Experiment study
Emodin	PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway	Protecting podocyte apoptosis	Nianxiu et al. [80]	2018	Experiment study
Hispidulin	Pim1-p21-mTOR signaling axis	Alleviating podocyte injury by activating autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis	Wu et al. [83]	2018	Experiment study
Mangiferin	LC3 II, p62, AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathway	Protecting podocytes by enhancing autophagy	Wang et al. [84]	2018	Experiment study
DBT	Laminin, collagen IV, and fibronectin	Inhibiting GMC proliferation and ECM proteins	Ke et al. [85]	2012	Experiment study
Salvianolic acid A	AGE-RAGE-Nox4 and AGE-RAGE-RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway	Attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and enhancing autophagy of endothelial cell	Hou et al. [89]	2017	Experiment study
TXL	Col IV, FN, TGF-β1, E-CA, α-SMA	Inhibiting TGF-β1-induced EMT	Zhang et al. [95]	2014	Experiment study
Huangkui capsule	NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4/NF-κB signaling	Regulating renal tubular EMT	Han et al. [96]	2018	Experiment study
Astragaloside	miR-378/TRAF5 signaling pathway	Suppressing the podocyte apoptosis	Lei et al. [108]	2018	Experiment study
TXL	miR-21	Regulating EMT	Wang et al. [110]	2014	Experiment study
Triptolide	miR-137/Notch1 pathway	Preventing ECM accumulation	Han et al. [111]	2017	Experiment study
Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts	Phospholipid, arachidonic acid, and pyrimidine metabolisms	Regulation of abnormal metabolism	Xiang et al. [114]	2019	Experiment study
Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch	Sphingolipid, pentose, glucuronate interconversion, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, purine and retinol metabolism	Regulation of abnormal metabolism	Dai et al. [115]	2018	Experiment study

Abbreviations: CHM: Chinese herbal medicine; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; DHI: Danhong injection; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; SREBP-1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS: fatty acid synthase; SYFSF: Shen-Yan-Fang-Shuai Formula; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; ECM: accumulation of extracellular matrix; MC: Moutan Cortex; RAGE: receptor of advanced glycation end products; IL-6: interleukin-6; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; CAT: catalase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; TWH: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f; OCP: oxidative carbonyl protein; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; NOX4: NAPDH oxidase 4; Hyp: hydroxyproline; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; PERK: phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; eIF2α: eukaryotic initiation factor 2α; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; ULK1: Unc-51-like kinase; Col IV: collagen IV; FN: fibronectin; E-CA: E-cadherin; α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TRAF: tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor.