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Medications and adverse events | Observed adverse event (>5% of patients) (>5% of patients) | Serious adverse event |
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5-ALA | (i) Common cold symptoms (ii) Menstrual pain (iii) Diarrhea (iv) Headache [12] | None |
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Metformin | (i) Diarrhea (ii) Nausea (iii) Abdominal discomfort (iv) Metallic taste (v) Vitamin b12 deficiency | Lactic acidosis in patients lowered eGFR (contraindicated if <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2) [21, 47] |
|
DPP4 | (i) Dizziness (ii) Headache (iii) Nasopharyngitis (iv) URTI | (i) Severe arthralgia (ii) Acute pancreatitis (iii) Hepatic dysfunction (iv) Serious skin reactions [21, 24] |
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Sulfonylureas | (i) Weight gain (ii) Dizziness (iii) Headaches (iv) Sulfonamide allergies | (i) Higher mortality after myocardial infarctions (ii) Hypoglycemia [48, 49] |
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Meglitinides | Weight gain | Hypoglycemia (possibly less than sulfonylureas) [50] |
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TZDs | (i) Weight gain (ii) Edema (iii) Macular edema (iv) Raised LDL (rosiglitazone) (v) Decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin when combined with other antihyperglycemic | (i) Bladder cancer (pioglitazone) (ii) Higher rate of myocardial infarctions (rosiglitazone) (iii) Heart failure (iv) Fractures (v) Hypoglycemia [21, 51–53] |
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Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | (i) Bloating, flatulence (ii) Diarrhea | (i) Deranged LFTs (acarbose) [21] |
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SGLT2 inhibitors | (i) Vulvogavinal candidiasis (ii) Urinary tract infections (iii) Hypotension (iv) Dehydration | (i) Fatal urosepsis (ii) Pyelonephritis (iii) Bone fracture (canagliflozin) (iv) Diabetic ketoacidosis [21, 49] |
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Lipase inhibitors | (i) Abdominal pain (ii) Fecal urgency (iii) Steatorrhea (iv) Vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K) (v) Drug interactions (vi) Flu symptoms | (i) Acute kidney injury (ii) Oxalate nephropathy [5, 31, 54] |
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GLP-1 receptor agonists | (i) Nausea, vomiting (ii) Diarrhea | (i) Pancreatitis (ii) Gallbladder disease (iii) Renal injury [28, 53, 55] |
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