Effectiveness of the Chronic Care Model in Type 2 Diabetes Management in a Community Health Service Center in China: A Group Randomized Experimental Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the study participants at the baseline in a 9-month group randomized experimental study in China, 2009-2010.
(a)
Characteristics
Intervention ()
Control ()
value
Age (years)
0.05
Gender
Male
56 (41.8)
54 (43.5)
0.78
Female
78 (58.2)
70 (56.5)
Marital status
Single or divorced
2 (1.5)
4 (3.2)
0.01
Married or cohabiting
103 (76.9)
109 (87.9)
Widowed
29 (21.6)
11 (8.9)
Educational level
Illiterate
10 (7.5)
16 (12.9)
0.42
Elementary school
44 (32.8)
35 (28.2)
Junior middle school
44 (32.8)
47 (37.9)
High school
23 (17.2)
18 (14.5)
College or university
13 (9.7)
8 (6.5)
Household incomes (Yuan, $1US = 6.7 Yuan)
<60000
110 (82.1)
100 (81.5)
0.33
≥60000, <200000
24 (17.9)
21 (16.9)
≥200000
0 (0)
2 (1.6)
Employment status
Employee/self-employed
6 (4.5)
3 (2.4)
0.31
Retirement
125 (94.0)
116 (93.5)
Housework
2 (1.5)
5 (4.0)
Diabetes duration (years)
1–5
38 (28.4%)
21 (16.9%)
0.03
≥5
96 (71.6%)
103 (83.1%)
Diabetes medication
None
13 (9.7%)
14 (11.3%)
0.31
Oral agents
102 (76.1%)
97 (78.2%)
Insulin
13 (9.7%)
5 (4.0%)
Oral agents and insulin
6 (4.5%)
8 (6.5%)
Diagnosis of other chronic disease
Yes
13 (9.7%)
33 (26.6%)
<0.001
No
104 (77.6%)
86 (69.4%)
Unknown
17 (12.7%)
5 (4.0%)
Health behaviors
Frequent smoker
Yes
9 (6.7)
6 (4.8)
0.52
No
125 (93.3)
118 (93.5)
Frequent drinker
Yes
10 (7.5)
10 (8.1)
0.86
No
124 (92.5)
114 (91.9)
Frequent Exercise
Yes
110 (82.7)
95 (76.6)
0.22
No
23 (17.3)
29 (23.4)
Light diet
Yes
84 (62.7)
106 (85.5)
<0.001
No
50 (37.3)
18 (14.5)
Clinical outcomes
BMI (kg/m2)
0.76
WC (cm)
0.35
FBG (mmol/L)
0.26
HbA1c (%)
0.19
SBP (mmHg)
0.20
DBP (mmHg)
0.18
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
0.88
HDL-c (mmol/L)
0.81
LDL-c (mmol/L)
0.70
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
0.71
Data are presented as (%) or ; values based on independent sample -test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables to examine differences between the two groups (,). BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
(b)
Characteristics
Intervention ()
Control ()
value
SF-36 scores
PF
0.99
RP
0.11
BP
0.08
GH
0.99
VT
0.85
SF
<0.001
RE
0.018
MH
0.61
PCS
0.48
MCS
0.08
Data are presented as ; values based on independent sample -test for continuous variables to examine differences between the two groups (,). SF-36: the Short Form 36; PF: physical functioning; RP: role limitations due to physical problems; BP: bodily pain; GH: general health; VT: vitality; SF: social functioning; RE: role limitations due to emotional problems; MH: mental health; PCS: physical component summary; MCS: mental component summary.
