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Author | Year | Country | Type of study | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes | Gestational age at enrollment | Study population | Women with GDM | Mean pre-gestational BMI (Kg/m2) | Mean maternal age (years) | Mean fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | Mean fasting plasma insulin (uIU/mL) |
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Metzger | 1980 | USA | Cross-sectional | Women with gestational diabetes (fasting plasma glucose within the normal range for pregnancy or greater than 105 mg/dl) or normal carbohydrate metabolism. | None | One-step: 100g Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL; 1h ≥ 170 mg/dL; 2h ≥ 120 mg/dL; 3h ≥ 110mg/dL. | 30-39 w | 21 | 13 | N/S | 28.06 | 96 | N/S |
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Buchanan | 1990 | USA | Nested case-control | Over-weight pregnant women (pre-pregnancy weight > 120% of ideal) without gestational diabetes mellitus or weight-match pregnant women with gestational diabetes. | Receiving exogenous insulin treatment before the study. Pre-pregnancy complications. Ingesting medications other than vitamins or iron. | Two-steps: First step; 50g. Second step: 100g cut point values, fasting 105 mg/dL; 1h: 190 mg/dL; 2h 165 mg/dL; 3h 145 mg/dL. | 30-36 w | 20 | 10 | N/S | 28.3 | N/S | 24.5 |
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Lunell | 1992 | Sweden | Case-control | Pregnant women from the antenatal clinic in Kuwait City, where the indications for an oral glucose tolerance test were diabetic heredity of the first degree, the birth of a baby above 4500g or glucosuria | Known diabetic before their pregnancy. Taking medicines known to affect glucose tolerance. | Two-steps: First step; 50g. Second step: cut point values 2h: 5.8 mmol/l or 8.9 mmol/l over some other time point | 30-34 w | 44 | 32 | 31 | N/S | 78.55 | 13 |
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Meyer | 1996 | New Zealand | Nested case-control | Women in the Illawarra area tested for GDM at the beginning of the third trimester | None | One-step: 75g; 2-hour: >8.0 mmol/l | Beginning of the third trimester | 80 | 44 | 25.7 | 27 | N/S | 10.9 |
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Pappa | 2005 | Greece | Case-control | Normal adult non-pregnant women, normal pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancy or women with gestational diabetes mellitus. | Inborn errors of metabolism, epilepsy, chronic renal failure. Problems that could interfere with measurement. | Two-steps: First step; 50g. Second step: 100g cut point values, fasting 105 mg/dL; 1h: 190 mg/dL; 2h 165 mg/dL; 3h 145 mg/dL. | 30-33 w | 119 | 33 | 25.48 | 28 | N/S | N/S |
Tsai | 2005 | China | Nested case-control | Singleton pregnancies Positive diabetic screening test result at 24 to 31 weeks’ gestation From Taipei’s Municipal Women´s and Children´s Hospital and followed until delivery | Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, renal or liver disease, heart disease, thyroid disorder, pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, and multifetal pregnancy. | Two-steps: 50-g oral glucose; >7.8 mmol/l. Fasting 75g; >5.3 1h: 10.0 mmol/l; 2h: 8.6 mmol/l. | 24-31w | 253 | 219 | 22.3 | 31.6 | 86.48 | 10.5 |
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Bomba-Opon | 2006 | Poland | Case-control | Pregnant women From Outpatient Clinic at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Warsaw University School Medicine with or without gestational diabetes | None | Two-steps: 50 g if >139 mg/dL mmol/L, 75g. Cut values: Fasting>100 mg/dL, 1h >179 mg/dL, 3h >139 mg/dL | 29.7w | 91 | 52 | 24.4 | 28.8 | N/S | N/S |
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Pappa | 2007 | Greece | Case-control | Pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancy and women with gestational diabetes at 30-33 weeks of gestation Singleton pregnancy. | Inborn errors of metabolism, epilepsy, chronic renal failure. Problems that could interfere with measurements. | Two-steps: 50-g oral glucose; 1 h:> 130 mg / dl (7.2 mmol /l) Fasting 100g; 1h: 10.0mmol; 2h: 8.6mmol/l; 3h: 7.8mmol/l. | 30-33w | 71 | 25 | 25.4 | 27.8 | N/S | N/S |
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Idzior-Walum | 2008 | Poland | Cross-sectional | Pregnant women referred to the outpatient diabetic clinic with suspicion of gestational diabetes | None | Two-steps: 50-g oral glucose; >7.8 mmol / l) Fasting 75g; >5.3 1h: 10.0mmol; 2h: 8.6mmol/l; | 26-32w | 61 | 44 | 27.8 | 28.3 | 82.87 | 13.5 |
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Xu | 2015 | China | Case-control | Pregnant women with prenatal examinations and a cesarean section and delivered a single full-term healthy child. | Women with cardiovascular disease, endocrine disease, renal disease, hepatic disease, complications of gestation or any other disease conditions. | Fasting plasma glucose > 5.1 mmol/l and/or a 1-h glucose > 10.0 mmol/l and/or 2-h glucose | Before delivery | 121 | 55 | 21.24 | 31.23 | 81.97 | 8.57 |
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Zhang | 2017 | China | Cross-sectional | Chinese pregnant women with detailed visits for prenatal care in Hangzhou, China | Preexisting diabetes, overt thyroid disorder, endocrinopathies, renal insufficiency, corticosteroid therapy, or known fetal anomaly. | One-step: 75g Fasting blood glucose ≥ 5.1 mmol/l; 1h ≥ 10.0 mmol/l; 2h ≥ 8.5 mmol/l. | 24-28 w | 779 | 98 | N/S | 27.83 | 76.93 | N/S |
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Layton | 2019 | Canada | Nested case-control | Pregnant women with data in the Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestational and Growth (Gen3G) cohort. First trimester through delivery | Women with pre-existing diabetes at enrolment. | One-step: 75g Fasting blood glucose ≥ 92 mg/dL; 1h ≥ 180mg/dL; 2h ≥ 153 mg/dL. | Second trimester | 805 | 67 | 24.16 | 28.08 | N/S | 7.63 |
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