Research Article
Prevalence and Determinants of Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Lower Extremity Amputations in Three Selected Tertiary Hospitals in Ghana
Table 2
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with DFU.
| | Characteristic | | DFU (%) | No DFU (%) | value |
| | Age () | | | | 0.874 | | Diabetes duration (yrs) | | | | | | <5 | 36 (100) | 4 (11.1) | 32 (88.9) | 0.261 | | 5-10 | 32 (100) | 3 (9.4) | 29 (90.6) | | | 11-15 | 16 (100) | 4 (25) | 12 (75) | | | 16-20 | 11 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (100) | | | >20 | 5 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100) | | | Diabetes treatment | | | | | | Diabetic diet | 14 (100) | 2 (14.3) | 12 (85.7) | 0.120 | | OHAs | 54 (100) | 4 (7.4) | 50 (92.6) | | | Insulin | 18 (100) | 1 (5.6) | 17 (94.4) | | | OHAs and insulin | 14 (100) | 4 (28.6) | 10 (71.4) | | | Previous foot ulcer | | | | | | Yes | 17 (100) | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | ≤0.001 | | No | 83 (100) | 3 (3.6) | 80 (96.4) | | | Previous amputation | | | | | | Yes | 5 (100) | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | 0.509 | | No | 95 (100) | 10 (10.5) | 85 (89.5) | | | Smoking | | | | | | Yes | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | 0.732 | | No | 99 (100) | 11 (11.1) | 88 (88.9) | | | Alcohol intake | | | | | | Yes | 9 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (100) | 0.269 | | No | 91 (100) | 11 (12.1) | 80 (87.9) | | | BMI | | | | | | Underweight | 9 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (100) | 0.180 | | Normal | 28 (100) | 5 (17.9) | 23 (82.1) | | | Overweight | 40 (100) | 2 (5) | 38 (95) | | | Obese | 23 (100) | 4 (17.4) | 19 (82.6) | | | Foot deformity | | | | | | Present | 6 (100) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 0.002 | | Absent | 94 (100) | 8 (8.5) | 86 (91.5) | | | Impaired vision | | | | | | Present | 44 (100) | 8 (18.2) | 36 (81.8) | 0.042 | | Absent | 56 (100) | 3 (5.4) | 53 (94.6) | | | Hypertension | | | | | | Present | 60 (100) | 6 (10) | 54 (90) | 0.695 | | Absent | 40 (100) | 5 (12.5) | 35 (87.5) | |
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