Research Article
The Level of Serum Albumin Is Associated with Renal Prognosis in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Table 1
Baseline clinical and pathological findings in groups stratified according to the serum albumin level.
| | Variables | Normal () | Mild group 30-35 g/L () | Moderate group 25-30 g/L () | Severe () | value |
| | Clinical findings | | | | | | | Age (year) | | | | | 0.935 | | Gender (male) | 60 (69.0%) | 25 (73.5%) | 22 (61.1%) | 22 (71.0%) | 0.704 | | Duration of diabetes (months) | 84 (24-132) | 48 (24-120) | 120 (36-156) | 120 (84-132) | 0.054 | | DR (%) | 34 (39.1%) | 20 (58.8%) | 19 (52.8%) | 22 (71%)† | 0.013 | | Cigarette smoking (%) | 40 (46.0%) | 19 (55.9%) | 18 (50.0%) | 16 (51.6%) | 0.790 | | SBP (mmHg) | | | | | 0.224 | | DBP (mmHg) | | | | | 0.354 | | Hypertension (%) | 77 (88.5%) | 29 (85.3%) | 32 (88.9%) | 30 (96.8%) | 0.391 | | Hematuria (%) | 39 (44.8%) | 24 (72.7%)† | 27 (79.4%)† | 22 (71.0%) | 0.001 | | Initial proteinuria (g/d) | 2.18 (0.93-3.66) | 5.02 (3.29-7.81)† | 5.55 (4.23-8.82)† | 8.4 (6.15-14.42)†‡ | <0.001 | | Nephrotic-range proteinuria (>3.5 g/d (%)) | 22 (25.3%) | 21 (63.6%)† | 30 (83.3%)† | 29 (93.5%)†‡ | <0.001 | | e-GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 65.22 (40.88-91.11) | 52.14 (39.35-78.30) | 42.16 (30.15-67.95)† | 43.14 (28.92-59.22)† | <0.001 | | Stage 1,2,3a,3b,4,5 CKD (KDIGO) | 24/24/10/21/8/0 | 5/8/10/6/5/0 | 2/9/3/13/9/0 | 0/7/7/9/8/0 | — | | Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.21 (0.85-1.70) | 1.44 (1.07-1.67) | 1.62 (1.19-2.31)† | 1.80 (1.26-2.40)† | 0.001 | | Uric acid (mmol/L) | | † | | † | 0.006 | | FBS (mmol/L) | 7.38 (5.86-9.10) | 7.23 (5.88-9.75) | 7.39 (4.74-10.22) | 5.73 (4.64-8.59) | 0.451 | | HbA1c (%) | 6.90 (6.10-8.40) | 7.55 (6.43-8.45) | 7.30 (6.30-8.70) | 6.80 (5.95-8.40) | 0.706 | | Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.83 (1.29-2.39) | 1.63 (1.21-2.32) | 1.63 (1.03-2.46) | 1.82 (1.26-2.59) | 0.557 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | | | †‡ | †‡ | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/L) | | | † | † | <0.001 | | Progressed to ESRD (%) | 12 (13.8%) | 13 (38.2%) | 27 (75%) | 24 (77.4%) | — | | Histopathological findings | | | | | | | Glomerular class | | | | | <0.001 | | I | 10 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | | | IIa | 29 (33.3) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (9.7) | | | IIb | 8 (9.2) | 6 (17.6) | 5 (13.9) | 1 (3.2) | | | III | 27 (31) | 20 (58.8) | 26 (72.2) | 22 (71) | | | IV | 13 (14.9) | 7 (20.6) | 4 (11.1) | 5 (16.1) | | | IFTA | | | | | 0.014 | | 0 | 5 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0) | | | 1 | 49 (56.3) | 15 (44.1) | 14 (38.9) | 8 (25.8) | | | 2 | 24 (27.6) | 17 (50) | 20 (55.6) | 19 (61.3) | | | 3 | 9 (10.3) | 2 (5.9) | 1 (2.8) | 4 (12.9) | | | Interstitial inflammation | | | | | 0.001 | | 0 | 10 (11.5) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0) | | | 1 | 70 (80.5) | 26 (76.5) | 21 (58.3) | 21 (67.7) | | | 2 | 7 (8) | 7 (20.6) | 14 (38.9) | 10 (32.3) | | | Arteriolar hyalinosis | | | | | 0.006 | | 0 | 20 (23) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.6) | 4 (12.9) | | | 1 | 41 (47.1) | 14 (41.2) | 16 (44.4) | 15 (48.4) | | | 2 | 26 (29.9) | 20 (58.8) | 18 (50) | 12 (38.7) | | | Therapy | | | | | | | RAAS inhibitor (%) | 70 (80.5) | 28 (82.4) | 29 (80.6) | 25 (80.6) | 0.996 | | Oral hypoglycemic agents (%) | 45 (51.7) | 15 (44.1) | 5 (13.9)†‡ | 12 (38.7) | 0.002 | | Insulin therapy (%) | 59 (67.8) | 26 (76.5) | 29 (82.9) | 24 (77.4) | 0.330 |
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Abbreviations: DR: diabetic retinopathy; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; e-GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBS: fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. † versus the normal group. ‡ versus the mild group. |
