Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients with Cotton-Wool Spots

Table 2

Results of logistic regression of the effects of CWS in DME patients.

	Category	(%)	Univariate		Multivariate
			OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
Sex	Female	41 (51.25%)	Reference
	Male	39 (48.75%)	1.58 (0.58, 4.42)	0.372
Age (years)	<60	47 (58.75%)	Reference
	≥60	33 (41.25%)	1.85 (0.68, 5.14)	0.231
HbA1c	≤7	23 (28.75%)	Reference
	>7	57 (71.25%)	0.41 (0.14, 1.20)	0.101
DMR stage	NPDR	35 (43.75%)	Reference
	PDR	45 (56.25%)	1.05 (0.39, 2.93)	0.924
Hypertension	(+)	36 (45.00%)	Reference		Reference
	(-)	44 (55.00%)	2.54 (0.93, 7.34)	0.074	2.34 (0.70, 8.31)	0.171
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	<0.36	65 (81.25%)	Reference		Reference
	≥0.36	15 (18.75%)	15.12 (4.29, 64.09)	<0.001	13.26 (3.58, 59.16)	<0.001
IL-1β (pg/mL)	<0.17	46 (57.50%)	Reference
	≥0.17	34 (42.50%)	1.72 (0.63, 4.77)	0.289
IL-6 (pg/mL)	<8.40	40 (50.00%)
	≥8.40	40 (50.00%)	1.48 (0.54, 4.12)	0.447
IL-8 (pg/mL)	<13.14	40 (50.00%)	Reference
	≥13.14	40 (50.00%)	0.68 (0.24, 1.84)	0.447
IL-10 (pg/mL)	<0.65	36 (45.00%)	Reference
	≥0.65	44 (55.00%)	0.67 (0.24, 1.82)	0.430
IL-17 (pg/mL)	<1.36	36 (45.00%)	Reference
	≥1.36	44 (55.00%)	0.67 (0.24, 1.82)	0.430
VEGF (pg/mL)	<59.65	40 (50.00%)	Reference		Reference
	≥59.65	40 (50.00%)	3.40 (1.20, 10.69)	0.026	0.321 (0.95, 12.41)	0.071
PlGF (pg/mL)	<2.85	36 (45.00%)	Reference
	≥2.85	44 (55.00%)	1.47 (0.54, 4.20)	0.460

CWS: cotton-wool spot; DME: diabetic macular edema; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PlGF: placental growth factor.