Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Predictors of Diabetic Foot Reulceration beneath the Hallux

Table 2

Differences between the risk factors for hallux reulceration.


( patients)	Hallux reulceration ()	Nonhallux reulceration ()	value	Effect size

Male/female	8 (88.9)/1 (11)	39 (83)/8 (17)	0.658	−0.059^a
Mean age (years)			0.712	0.057^b
Duration of DM (years)			0.072	−0.314^b
Type 1/type 2 DM	0 (0)/9 (100)	13 (28)/34 (72)	0.072	0.241^a
Body mass index (kg/m²)			0.030	0.404^b
Nephropathy	3 (33)	12 (25)	0.628	0.065^a
Retinopathy	4 (44)	25 (53)	0.630	−0.064^a
HbA1c (mmol/mol) (%)			0.599	−0.207^b
Ankle brachial index			0.254	0.242^b
Hallux deformity	3 (33)	11 (23)	0.529	0.084^a
Hallux valgus	1	10
Metatarsal prominence	0	8
Hallux hammertoe	2	2
First MTPJ ROM (degrees)			0.734	−0.064^b
First MTPJ ROM_w-b (degrees)			0.041	−0.422^b
Functional hallux limitus	7 (78)	11 (23)	0.001	0.428^a
Hallux rigidus	4 (44)	18 (38)	0.729	0.046^a
Ankle ROM (degrees)			0.129	0.279^b
Inversion ROM (degrees)			0.697	0.074^b
Eversion ROM (degrees)			0.411	−0.083^b
FPI			0.125	0.230^b
Tibiotalar angle X-ray			0.902	0.021^b
Tibiocalcaneal angle X-ray			0.433	0.143^b
Talocalcaneal angle X-ray			0.403	−0.121^b
Talar declination angle X-ray			0.397	0.156^b
Calcaneal inclination angle X-ray			0.114	−0.254^b
First metatarsal declination angle X-ray			0.024	−0.350^b

Abbreviations: HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; ROM: range of motion; first MTPJ ROM: range of dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in the resting position; first MTPJ ROM_w-b: range of dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joints in the weight-bearing position; FPI: Foot Posture Index. The “nonhallux reulceration” group of patients included other locations of reulceration and patients who did not develop a new ulcer during the follow-up. ^a (%) for categorical variables; the phi coefficient was used for the chi-square test: representing effect size values of 0.01 as small effect, 0.30 as medium effect, and 0.50 as large effect. ^b for normally distributed variables; for independent samples, Student’s -test; effect size as the Cohen’s : representing effect size as small effect, >0.5 as moderate effect, and >0.8 as large effect; is positive if the mean difference is in the predicted direction.