Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin 6, and C-Reactive Protein with the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Rural Thais
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study subjects in longitudinal analysis based on progression to T2DM.
Nonprogression group
Progression group
value
Number
202
46
Age (years)
45 (40-49)
47.5 (42-52)
0.035
Gender (male/female)
66/136
16/30
0.784
Current smoker (%)
40 (19.8%)
10 (21.7%)
0.956
Alcoholic drinking (%)
92 (45.5%)
18 (39.1%)
0.498
Lack of exercise (%)
54 (26.7%)
12 (26.1%)
0.614
Family history of diabetes (%)
71 (35.1%)
23 (50.0%)
0.061
BMI (kg/m2)
25.17 (22.11-27.85)
27.08 (22.37-31.11)
0.020
WC (cm)
83.00 (75.00-89.00)
89.25 (77.00-95.50)
0.003
WHR
0.87 (0.83-0.92)
0.90 (0.85-0.95)
0.014
Body fat (%)
30.65 (23.75-35.10)
33.00 (25.53-37.63)
0.058
Visceral fat (%)
8.50 (6.00-12.50)
11.00 (7.88-16.88)
0.008
Muscle (%)
25.45 (23.60, 30.40)
24.75 (22.60-29.50)
0.078
SBP (mmHg)
120 (111-129)
123 (114-130)
0.184
DBP (mmHg)
76 (70-81)
78 (73-86)
0.046
FBG (mg/dl)
90 (87-98)
103 (93-117)
<0.001
2-h BG (mg/dl)
113 (98-140)
173 (117-185)
<0.001
HbA1C (%)
5.3 (4.9-5.6)
5.6 (5.2-6.1)
<0.001
HOMA-IR
1.18 (0.80-1.59)
1.63 (1.10-2.68)
0.001
HOMA-β
66.17 (43.64-97.75)
56.66 (26.33-106.70)
0.158
Triglyceride (mg/dl)
120 (89-170)
139 (111-227)
0.017
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
200 (173-222)
203 (178-225)
0.822
HDL-C (mg/dl)
52 (42-62)
45 (36-54)
0.005
LDL-C (mg/dl)
122 (96-149)
120 (93-143)
0.705
CRP (mg/dl)
1.39 (0.61-3.03)
2.81 (1.48-6.65)
0.001
IL-6 (pg/ml)
14.51 (4.31-248.93)
18.53 (5.25-732.45)
0.268
TNF-α (pg/ml)
53.80 (27.22-79.72)
62.28 (31.28-89.87)
0.272
Daily caloric intake (kcal/day)
2181.20 (1516.80-2900.81)
2071.50 (1581.53-3118.68)
0.910
Carbohydrate intake (% of DCI)
66.89 (60.30-72.18)
67.49 (61.10-73.95)
0.779
Protein intake (% of DCI)
11.03 (9.78-12.53)
10.90 (9.87-12.57)
0.906
Fat intake (% of DCI)
20.38 (15.27-25.90)
19.97 (15.00-24.83)
0.645
Total dietary GL (per day)
186.80 (125.80-279.97)
207.44 (132.48-248.02)
0.778
Data presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; 2-h BG: 2-hour blood glucose after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin 6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; DCI: daily caloric intake; GL: glycemic load.
