Distinct Effects of Carrageenan and High-Fat Consumption on the Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Nonobese and Obese Models of Type 2 Diabetes

Figure 7

Schematic illustration of pathways by which carrageenan and high fat affect inflammation and insulin signaling. Both carrageenan and HFD lead to activation of inflammatory cascades, leading to increased phospho(Ser)-IRS-1 and decline in phospho(Tyr)-IRS-1. The pathways converge to reduce phospho(Ser473)-Akt and to increase HOMA-IR. Carrageenan has no impact on fat-initiated inflammation in the adipose tissue but has more impact on hepatic inflammation. The two exposures demonstrate the obese and nonobese models of insulin resistance.