Effect of the Interaction between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Lipoprotein(a) on Insulin Resistance: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Characteristics of participants by AHI quartiles.

Events/h	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	P for trend
	AHI ≤ 7	7 < AHI ≤ 28	28 < AHI ≤ 57	AHI > 57
N	1,053	1,031	1,017	1,051	—
Age (years)	37.0 (30.0, 47.0)	42.0 (33.0, 53.0)	44.0 (35.0, 55.0)	40.0 (33.0, 49.0)	<0.001
Male (%)	638 (60.6%)	812 (78.8%)	896 (88.1%)	959 (91.2%)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.8 (21.8, 25.9)	25.7 (23.7, 27.7)	26.6 (24.9, 28.7)	28.6 (26.5, 31.0)	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.90 (0.85, 0.94)	0.94 (0.90, 0.97)	0.95 (0.92, 0.99)	0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	120 (111, 125)	120 (114, 130)	125 (118, 135)	126 (120, 137)	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	78 (70, 85)	80 (70, 85)	80 (74, 87)	80 (77, 90)	<0.001
MAP (mmHg)	91.7 (84.3, 95.0)	93.3 (86.3, 99.3)	94.3 (89.0, 102.3)	96.7 (91.0, 104.7)	<0.001
AHI (events/h)	2.2 (0.8, 4.2)	16.2 (11.0, 21.5)	42.5 (34.8, 49.7)	70.3 (63.7, 79.1)	<0.001
Lp(a) (mg/dL)	7.83 (4.10, 16.80)	7.40 (3.90, 14.26)	7.90 (4.18, 16.20)	6.50 (3.46, 13.10)	<0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	5.03 (4.69, 5.33)	5.16 (4.84, 5.55)	5.31 (4.96, 5.79)	5.48 (5.10, 6.10)	<0.001
FSI (IU/mL)	7.5 (5.2, 6.1)	9.8 (6.6, 14.4)	11.0 (7.4, 16.2)	14.6 (10.1, 20.4)	<0.001
HOMA-IR	1.63 (1.11, 2.48)	2.27 (1.40, 3.38)	2.62 (1.75, 4.10)	3.63 (2.44, 5.35)	<0.001
Insulin resistance (%)	169 (16.0%)	334 (32.4%)	424 (41.7%)	668 (63.6%)	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.35 (3.76, 4.95)	4.60 (4.05, 5.22)	4.77 (4.20, 5.34)	4.85 (4.29, 5.48)	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.13 (0.76, 1.61)	1.50 (1.05, 2.16)	1.62 (1.15, 2.30)	1.83 (1.34, 2.71)	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.66 (2.14, 3.20)	2.92 (2.43, 3.42)	3.00 (2.50, 3.51)	3.12 (2.59, 3.68)	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.10 (0.96, 1.30)	1.04 (0.91, 1.20)	1.02 (0.90, 1.17)	1.00 (0.87, 1.13)	<0.001
ApoA-I (g/L)	1.10 (0.97, 1.24)	1.06 (0.95, 1.21)	1.07 (0.96, 1.20)	1.06 (0.96, 1.19)	<0.001
ApoB (g/L)	0.74 (0.63, 0.86)	0.81 (0.71, 0.94)	0.84 (0.74, 0.96)	0.87 (0.76, 0.99)	<0.001
Current smoker (%)	135 (12.8%)	203 (19.7%)	237 (23.3%)	239 (22.7%)	<0.001
Current drinker (%)	106 (10.1%)	127 (12.3%)	153 (15.0%)	166 (15.8%)	<0.001

BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; FBG: fast blood glucose; FSI: fast serum insulin; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Insulin resistance: HOMA-IR > 3.0.