The Dose-Response Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Table 1

Characteristics of participants and follow-up in included studies of alcohol consumption in relation to risk of T2D.

Author (year)	Country (follow-up period)	Assessment of exposure	Sample size,	Age at baseline ()	T2D cases,	Categories of highest vs. minimal alcohol consumption	Adjusted factors
Tsumura et al. (1999) [29]	Japan (9.7)	Questionnaires	6362	35-61	456	≥50 g/d vs. never	Age, BMI, regular physical exercise, parental history of diabetes, smoking habits, and FPG level
Lee et al. (2003) [30]	Korea (4)	Self-reported, questionnaires	4055	25–55	83	≥361 g/wk vs. never	Age, BMI, smoking, exercise, family history of diabetes mellitus, and fasting blood glucose
Noriyuki et al. (2003) [31]	Japan (7)	Questionnaires, annual health examinations	2953	35-59	138	≥69.0 g/day vs. never	Age, family history of diabetes, BMI, cigarette smoking, and regular physical activity
Waki et al. (2005) [32]	Japan (10)	Self-administered questionnaire	12913	40–59	703	≥46.1 g/d (men) or ≥11.6 g/d (women) vs. never	Age, BMI, cigarette smoking, exercise, family history of diabetes and prevalent hypertension
Shi et al. (2013) [12]	China (5.4)	Person interviews	51,464	40–74	1,241	≥3 drinks/d vs. never	Age, energy intake, physical activity, smoking, education level, occupation, income level, hypertension, and family history of diabetes.
Lee et al. (2017) [ 13]	Korea (12)	Interview-based questionnaires	1772	40-69	486	≥30 g/d vs. never	Age, BMI, family history of smoking, physical activity, total energy intake and IGI60.
Zhang et al. (2017) [14]	China (4.8)	Questionnaires, health examination	6783	≥45	526	≥20 g/d vs. never	Age, education, smoking factors, central obesity, exercise, family history of diabetes and hypertension
Yatsuya et al. (2018) [15]	Japan (12.2)	Questionnaire survey	3540	35-64	342	>46 g/d vs. never	Age, BMI, smoking status, medication, family history of diabetes, categories of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides

BMI: body mass index; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FHD: family history of diabetes; METs: metabolic equivalent values; NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; PA: physical activity; T2D: type 2 diabetes.