Research Article

Serum Irisin Levels, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Inflammation in Pediatric Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome

Figure 4

Proposed interplay between low irisin levels, endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and inflammatory cytokines in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. See text for more detailed information. AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; EC: endothelial cell; FFAs: free fatty acids; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; IL-12: interleukin-12; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MetS: metabolic syndrome; miR: microRNA; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PECAM-1: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end-products; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SR: scavenger receptor; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Th1: T-helper 1 cell; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein-1; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; WAT: white adipose tissue. This is an original figure created with the BioRender® platform (BioRender, Toronto, ON, Canada), accessed in May 2020 through the following URL: https://biorender.com/, with a premium member’s account [[email protected]].