Pyruvate-Enriched Oral Rehydration Solution Improves Glucometabolic Disorders in the Kidneys of Diabetic db/db Mice

Table 4

Changes in sorbitol, fructose, NAD⁺/NADH ratio, and AGEs in kidney homogenates after different treatments ().

	Nor	Con	Pyr	Pyr-ORS
Sorbitol (mmol/mg protein)
Week 0	—	—	—	—
Week 8			^#
Fructose (mmol/mg protein)
Week 0	—	—	—	—
Week 8			^##
NAD^+/NADH ratio
Week 0	—	—	—	—
Week 8			^##	^##
AGEs (U/mg protein)
Week 0	—	—	—	—
Week 8			^##	^##

Nor (normal), C57BLKS/J nontreated mice; Con (control), C57BLKS/J diabetic db/db nontreated mice; Pyr, db/db mice drunk distilled water containing 1% pyruvate; Pyr-ORS, db/db mice drunk pyruvate-enriched ORS to replace distilled water, containing 0.35% pyruvate; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; NAD⁺/NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form/reduced form). and vs. Nor; ^# and ^## vs. Con. Values were at week 0 and at week 8, respectively.