Incidence Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 170,139 Women

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of included studies.

Study	Study type	Year	Country	Geographic region	Total number of GDM	Number of T2DM	Mean follow-up; (y)	Baseline age	Baseline BMI	GDM criteria	T2DM criteria
Lowe WL Jr [9]	Prospective cohort	2018	Mixed	Mixed	663	71	11.4	31.9	29.7	Carpenter and Coustan [37]^i/IADPSG [38]^ii	Self-reported/American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Shen Y [18]	Prospective cohort	2018	China	Asia	1263	121	4.4	30.1	24.2	WHO, 1999 [40]^iv	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Apostolakis M [20]	Prospective cohort	2018	Greek	Europe	1336	83	1.38	35.3	26.7	Carpenter and Coustan [37]^i	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Daly B [21]	Retrospective cohort	2018	UK	Europe	9118	895	2.9	33	Not recorded	The Health Improvement Network database^v	The Health Improvement Network database^v
Kugishima Y [34]	Retrospective cohort	2018	Japan	Asia	306	32	1.09	33	23.5	JSOG [41]^vi,/IADPSG [38]^ii	WHO, 1999 [40]^vii
Casagrande SS [31]	Retrospective cohort	2018	USA	North America	8185	1612	17.8	23.9	Not recorded	Self-reported	Self-reported
Hippisley-Cox J [10]	Retrospective cohort	2017	England	Europe	22415	1468	3.97	Not recorded	Not recorded	QResearch database ^viii	QResearch database ^viii
Bond R [12]	Retrospective cohort	2017	Canada	North America	34686	6147	12.5	Not recorded	Not recorded	Quebec physician services claims; hospitalization discharge databases; and birth and death registries^ix	Quebec physician services claims; hospitalization discharge databases; and birth and death registries^ix
Retnakaran R [35]	Retrospective cohort	2017	Canada	North America	56884	15585	10	32	Not recorded	Hospital defined^x	Ontario Diabetes Database [42]^xi
Cho NH [26]	Prospective cohort	2016	Korea	Asia	412	51	3.98	30.5	23.3	Third International Workshop-Conferenceon Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [43]^xii	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Cho GJ [30]	Retrospective cohort	2016	Korea	Asia	2962	249	8	29.8	20.9	Korea National Health Insurance Claims Database^xiii	Korea National Health Insurance Claims Database^xiii
Wahlberg J [19]	Prospective cohort	2016	Sweden	Europe	1324	334	11.3	32	26.7	EASD [44]^xiv	Self-reported
Gunderson EP [22]	Prospective cohort	2015	USA	North America	959	113	1.74	33.4	30	Carpenter and Coustan [37]^i	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Shen G X [13]	Retrospective cohort	2015	Canada	North America	11895	4096	30	28.8	Not recorded	ICD^xv	Center defined^xvi
Hakkarainen H [28]	Prospective cohort	2015	Finland	Europe	489	51	10	32	30.9	Hospital defined^xvii	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Bao W [27]	Prospective cohort	2014	UK	Europe	4554	635	13	25.5	27	Nurse’s Health Study II [45]^xviii	NDDG, 1979 [46]^xix(before1998); ADA [39]^iii(After 1998 June)
Kwak SH [29]	Prospective cohort	2013	Korea	Asia	395	116	3.75	31.4	22.8	Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [43]^xii	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Ekelund M [15]	Retrospective cohort	2012	Mixed	Mixed	793	134	4.75	Not recorded	Not recorded	WHO, 1999 [40]^iv	WHO, 1999 [40]^vii
Ziegler AG [25]	Prospective cohort	2012	Germany	Europe	304	147	7.9	31	Not recorded	German Diabetes Association^xx	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii
Wang YJ [33]	Retrospective cohort	2012	USA	North America	1142	327	8.6	26.8	Not recorded	ICD^xxi	American Diabetes Association [39]^iii /WHO, 1998 [47]^xxii
Anderberg E [36]	Retrospective cohort	2012	Sweden	Europe	579	180	11	Not recorded	Not recorded	Diagnostic registers from hospital^xxiii	ICD^xxiv
Kakad R [14]	Retrospective cohort	2010	UK	Europe	470	38	1	Not recorded	Not recorded	Hospital defined^xxv	WHO^xxvi
Lee H [32]	Prospective cohort	2008	Korea	Asia	620	71	2.1	33.6	23.5	National Diabetes Data Group, 1979 [46]^xxvii	Hospital defined^xxviii
LEE A J [17]	Retrospective cohort	2007	Australia	Australia	5470	1411	15	30.7	26.9	Australia guideline [48]^xxix	WHO, 1998 [47]^xxii
Järvelä IY [16]	Retrospective cohort	2006	Finland	Europe	435	23	5.7	31.6	Not recorded	Finnish Diabetes Association^xxx	Self-reported
Albareda M [11]	Prospective cohort	2003	Spain	Europe	696	44	6.16	30.7	24.5	Second and Third GDM Workshop Conference [49]^xxxi	WHO, 1998 [47]^xxii
Peters RK [23]	Prospective cohort	1996	USA	North America	666	146	7.5	30.3	Not recorded	National Diabetes Data Group, 1979 [46]^xxvii	National Diabetes Data Group, 1979 [46]^xix
Henry O [24]	Prospective cohort	1991	Australia	Australia	1118	447	17	31.3	25.4	Hospital defined [50]^xxxii	WHO, 1985 [51]^xxxiii

FPG: fasting plasma glucose. OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test. ICD: International Classification of Disease. Baseline age: the age at index pregnancy. Baseline BMI: the BMI at the beginning of follow-up. i: , , or after 100 g oral glucose load. ii: , , or after 75 g oral glucose load. iii: or after 75 g oral glucose load. iv: if after 50 oral glucose load, then 75 g glucose test is performed, or after 75 g oral glucose load. v: the database captures electronically recorded medical records in primary care. vi: , , or after 75 g oral glucose load, two or more abnormal values. vii: or after 75 g oral glucose load. viii: identify patients with diabetes by searching the electronic health record for diagnostic Read codes for diabetes (C10%). ix: ICD 9 and 10 codes are used to identify diagnoses of gestational diabetes. x: diagnostic codes associate with the delivery hospitalization. xi: all individuals, living within Ontario, Canada, diagnosed with diabetes ≥90 days after delivery were included. xii: , , , and after 100 g glucose load, two or more abnormal values. xiii: the ICD 10^th revision codes O24.4 and O24.9 are used to identify diagnoses of gestational diabetes, and the ICD 10^th revision code E11 is used to identify diagnoses of diabetes. xiv: after 75 g OGTT. xv: ICD-10-CA codes were used after 1 April 2004 or ICD-9-CM code prior to that date to identify the diagnoses of gestational diabetes. xvi: incident diabetes among women are defined as one hospitalization or two physicians’ diagnoses of diabetes within a 3-year period. xvii: until September 2001: lower abnormal limits of fasting, 1 h and 2 h capillary whole-blood glucose are 4.8, 10.0, and 8.7 mmol/L; September 2001: lower limits of fasting, 1 h and 2 h capillary plasma glucose are 4.8, 11.2, and 9.9 mmol/L. xviii: 116,671 female nurses aged 25 to 44 years were included at study initiation. xix: or after 75 g OGTT. xx: two of three capillary blood glucose (fasting) before OGTT; and . xxi: ICD-9 code 648.8. xxii: (≥7.0 mmol/L from 1998), after 75 g OGTT, and one or more classic symptoms plus a random plasma glucose . xxiii: identified through diagnostic registers from the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö. xxiv: the ICD 10^th revision codes E10 or E11 were used to identify the diagnoses of diabetes. xxv: use 75 g OGTT to diagnose gestational diabetes. xxvi: and/or after 75 g glucose load. xxvii: requires 2 abnormal glucose values: , , , and . xxviii: . xxix: after 1999.1.1: and/or after 75 g OGTT; before 1999.1.1: 1 h capillary plasma glucose level of ≥9.0 mmol/L and a 2 h capillary plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L after 50 g OGTT. xxx: the limits of abnormal capillary blood glucose concentrations used are as follows: , , and after 75 g OGTT. xxxi: , , , and after 100 g glucose load, two or more abnormal values. xxxii: and after 50 g OGTT. xxxiii: capillary plasma glucose: or after 75 g OGTT.